[WIP] need refactor.

Add planning documents for layer-wise offload implementation:
- notes.md: Implementation notes and findings
- task_plan.md: Detailed task breakdown and progress tracking

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.claude/commands/exec-plan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+---
+allowed-tools: Bash(CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=*), Bash(PYTHONPATH=*), Bash(python*), Bash(git*), Bash(rm*), Bash(ls*), Bash(cat*), Bash(nvidia-smi*), Read, Edit, Write, Glob, Grep, TodoWrite, Task
+argument-hint: --gpu <id> [--no-interrupt]
+description: Execute task_plan.md refactoring with specified GPU, optionally without user interruption
+---
+
+# Execute Task Plan (exec-plan)
+
+按照 `task_plan.md` 的要求执行代码重构，确保计划中的最终目标圆满实现。
+
+## 参数说明
+
+命令格式: `/exec-plan --gpu <id> [--no-interrupt]`
+
+| 参数 | 说明 | 示例 |
+|------|------|------|
+| `--gpu <id>` | **必需**。指定可用的 GPU ID，只能使用此 GPU 进行调试 | `--gpu 0`, `--gpu 2` |
+| `--no-interrupt` | 可选。禁止中断执行，遇到问题不与用户交互，自动解决或跳过 | `--no-interrupt` |
+
+## 当前参数
+
+```
+$ARGUMENTS
+```
+
+## 执行前准备
+
+### 1. 解析参数
+
+从 `$ARGUMENTS` 中解析：
+- `GPU_ID`: 从 `--gpu <id>` 或 `-g <id>` 提取
+- `NO_INTERRUPT`: 是否存在 `--no-interrupt` 或 `-n` 标志
+
+### 2. 参数验证
+
+**必须验证**:
+- GPU_ID 必须是有效的数字
+- 运行 `nvidia-smi -i <GPU_ID>` 验证 GPU 存在
+
+### 3. 读取 task_plan.md
+
+读取项目根目录下的 `task_plan.md` 文件，理解：
+- 总体目标
+- 分阶段计划 (Phase 1, 2, 3...)
+- 文件修改清单
+- 风险和注意事项
+- 测试计划
+
+## 执行流程
+
+### Step 1: 创建执行计划
+
+使用 TodoWrite 工具创建详细的执行计划，包括：
+- 从 task_plan.md 提取的所有 Phase
+- 每个 Phase 的子任务
+- 测试验证步骤
+
+### Step 2: 按 Phase 执行重构
+
+对于 task_plan.md 中的每个 Phase：
+
+1. **读取当前代码**: 使用 Read/Grep 理解现有实现
+2. **实施修改**: 使用 Edit/Write 进行代码修改
+3. **验证修改**: 运行相关测试
+
+### Step 3: 运行测试验证
+
+执行 task_plan.md 中定义的测试计划，验证重构成功。
+
+## GPU 限制规则
+
+**严格限制**: 只能使用指定的 GPU，所有涉及 GPU 的命令必须加 `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES` 前缀：
+
+```bash
+# 正确
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=$GPU_ID PYTHONPATH=/home/zijie/Code/nano-vllm:$PYTHONPATH python test.py
+
+# 错误 - 禁止使用其他 GPU
+python test.py  # 可能使用默认 GPU 0
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 python test.py  # 使用多个 GPU
+```
+
+## 中断模式规则
+
+### 当 `--no-interrupt` 生效时
+
+遇到以下情况**不停下来询问用户**，而是：
+
+| 情况 | 处理方式 |
+|------|----------|
+| 测试失败 | 记录失败原因，尝试自动修复，继续下一步 |
+| 代码冲突 | 尝试合理解决，记录解决方案 |
+| 不确定的实现细节 | 选择最合理的方案继续 |
+| 执行错误 | 分析错误，尝试修复，记录问题 |
+
+**自动决策原则**:
+1. 优先保证功能正确性
+2. 遵循现有代码风格
+3. 选择简单直接的实现
+4. 记录所有自动决策到 `progress.md`
+
+### 当未指定 `--no-interrupt` 时
+
+遇到以下情况**可以询问用户**：
+- 多个实现方案需要选择
+- 测试持续失败无法自动修复
+- 发现 task_plan.md 中的问题或矛盾
+
+## 执行记录
+
+### 进度文件: progress.md
+
+实时更新 `progress.md` 记录：
+
+```markdown
+## 执行进度
+
+### Phase X: [名称]
+- 状态: [进行中/完成/失败]
+- 开始时间: [时间]
+- 完成时间: [时间]
+- 修改文件: [文件列表]
+- 自动决策: [如果有]
+- 问题记录: [如果有]
+```
+
+### 发现记录: findings.md
+
+记录执行过程中的重要发现到 `findings.md`。
+
+## 示例用法
+
+```bash
+# 使用 GPU 2，允许中断
+/exec-plan --gpu 2
+
+# 使用 GPU 0，不中断执行
+/exec-plan --gpu 0 --no-interrupt
+
+# 简短形式
+/exec-plan -g 1 -n
+```
+
+## 完成标准
+
+执行完成后，确保：
+
+1. **所有 Phase 完成**: task_plan.md 中的所有 Phase 都已实施
+2. **测试通过**: task_plan.md 中的测试计划全部通过
+3. **代码质量**: 修改符合项目代码规范
+4. **文档更新**: progress.md 包含完整执行记录
+
+## 重要约束
+
+1. **GPU 隔离**: 绝对不能使用指定 GPU 以外的设备
+2. **遵循计划**: 严格按照 task_plan.md 执行，不做计划外的修改
+3. **渐进式修改**: 每个 Phase 完成后验证，而不是最后一起验证
+4. **回滚准备**: 重大修改前考虑是否需要 git commit 保存点

nanovllm/config.py

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ class Config:
     xattn_keep_sink: bool = False  # Always keep first block (sink tokens)
     xattn_keep_recent: bool = False  # Always keep recent diagonal blocks
     xattn_norm: float = 1.0  # Normalization factor for attention scores
+    xattn_use_bsa: bool = True  # Use Block Sparse Attention library (requires installation)
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         assert os.path.isdir(self.model)

nanovllm/engine/model_runner.py

@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class ModelRunner:
         load_model(self.model, config.model)
         self.sampler = GreedySampler()
 
-        # Initialize sparse_prefill_policy before warmup (will be configured in allocate_kv_cache)
+        # Initialize attention_policy before warmup (will be configured in allocate_kv_cache)
-        self.sparse_prefill_policy = None
+        self.attention_policy = None
 
         #> Disable warmup for debugging
         self.warmup_model()
@@ -178,11 +178,9 @@ class ModelRunner:
         # Create KV cache manager using factory
         self.kvcache_manager: KVCacheManager = create_kvcache_manager(config)
 
-        # Create sparse prefill policy
+        # Create attention policy (always, including FULL)
-        # This is used for both GPU-only and CPU offload modes when policy supports prefill
+        # In layerwise offload mode, all attention goes through the policy
-        self.sparse_prefill_policy = None
+        from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse import create_attention_policy
-        if config.sparse_policy != SparsePolicyType.FULL:
-            from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse import create_sparse_policy
 
         # Get policy-specific parameters based on type
         if config.sparse_policy == SparsePolicyType.XATTN:
@@ -194,8 +192,9 @@ class ModelRunner:
                 "keep_sink": config.xattn_keep_sink,
                 "keep_recent": config.xattn_keep_recent,
                 "norm": config.xattn_norm,
+                "use_bsa": config.xattn_use_bsa,
             }
-            else:  # MINFERENCE or others
+        elif config.sparse_policy == SparsePolicyType.MINFERENCE:
             policy_kwargs = {
                 "vertical_size": config.minference_vertical_size,
                 "slash_size": config.minference_slash_size,
@@ -203,13 +202,11 @@ class ModelRunner:
                 "num_sink_tokens": config.minference_num_sink_tokens,
                 "num_recent_diags": config.minference_num_recent_diags,
             }
+        else:  # FULL or QUEST
+            policy_kwargs = {}
 
-            policy = create_sparse_policy(config.sparse_policy, **policy_kwargs)
+        self.attention_policy = create_attention_policy(config.sparse_policy, **policy_kwargs)
-
+        logger.info(f"Attention policy: {self.attention_policy}")
-            # Only use if policy supports sparse prefill
-            if policy.supports_prefill:
-                self.sparse_prefill_policy = policy
-                logger.info(f"Sparse prefill policy enabled: {self.sparse_prefill_policy}")
 
         # Allocate cache through manager
         self.kvcache_manager.allocate_cache(
@@ -395,7 +392,7 @@ class ModelRunner:
 
         set_context(True, cu_seqlens_q, cu_seqlens_k, max_seqlen_q, max_seqlen_k,
                     slot_mapping, None, block_tables,
-                    sparse_prefill_policy=self.sparse_prefill_policy)
+                    attention_policy=self.attention_policy)
         return input_ids, positions
 
     def prepare_decode(self, seqs: list[Sequence]):
@@ -592,20 +589,10 @@ class ModelRunner:
             # RoPE
             q, k = layer.self_attn.rotary_emb(positions, q, k)
 
-            # Sparse or Full attention (uses k, v directly - before store!)
+            # Compute attention using policy (uses k, v directly - before store!)
-            if self.sparse_prefill_policy is not None:
+            attn_output = self.attention_policy.compute_prefill(
-                attn_output = self.sparse_prefill_policy.sparse_prefill_attention(
+                q, k, v, layer_id,
-                    q, k, v, layer_id
-                )
-            else:
-                attn_output = flash_attn_varlen_func(
-                    q, k, v,
-                    cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens,
-                    cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens,
-                    max_seqlen_q=total_tokens,
-                    max_seqlen_k=total_tokens,
                 softmax_scale=layer.self_attn.attn.scale,
-                    causal=True,
             )
 
             # O projection
@@ -872,22 +859,10 @@ class ModelRunner:
                 # RoPE
                 q, k = layer.self_attn.rotary_emb(positions, q, k)
 
-                # Sparse or Full attention
+                # Compute attention using policy
-                if self.sparse_prefill_policy is not None:
+                attn_output = self.attention_policy.compute_prefill(
-                    # MInference or other sparse prefill policy
+                    q, k, v, layer_id,
-                    attn_output = self.sparse_prefill_policy.sparse_prefill_attention(
-                        q, k, v, layer_id
-                    )
-                else:
-                    # Full attention using FlashAttention
-                    attn_output = flash_attn_varlen_func(
-                        q, k, v,
-                        cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens,
-                        cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens,
-                        max_seqlen_q=total_tokens,
-                        max_seqlen_k=total_tokens,
                     softmax_scale=layer.self_attn.attn.scale,
-                        causal=True,
                 )
 
                 # O projection

nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/__init__.py

@@ -1,49 +1,56 @@
 """
-Sparse Attention Policy module.
+Attention Policy module for layerwise offload mode.
 
-Provides pluggable policies for selecting which KV blocks to load
+Provides pluggable policies for attention computation:
-during chunked attention with CPU offload.
+- FullAttentionPolicy: Standard FlashAttention (no sparsity)
+- XAttentionPolicy: Sparse prefill using XAttention algorithm
+- MInferencePolicy: MInference sparse attention
+- QuestPolicy: Quest block selection (for chunked offload)
 
 Usage:
-    from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse import create_sparse_policy, SparsePolicyType
+    from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse import create_attention_policy, SparsePolicyType
 
     # Create policy using factory function
-    policy = create_sparse_policy(SparsePolicyType.QUEST, topk_blocks=8)
+    policy = create_attention_policy(SparsePolicyType.XATTN, threshold=0.9)
+
+    # Use policy for attention
+    attn_output = policy.compute_prefill(q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale)
 
     # Or create custom policy
-    class MyPolicy(SparsePolicy):
+    class MyPolicy(AttentionPolicy):
         supports_prefill = True
         supports_decode = True
 
-        def select_blocks(self, available_blocks, ctx):
+        def compute_prefill(self, q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale):
-            return available_blocks[:5]  # Just first 5 blocks
+            # Custom attention computation
+            ...
 """
 
 from nanovllm.config import SparsePolicyType
-from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.policy import SparsePolicy, PolicyContext
+from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.policy import AttentionPolicy, SparsePolicy, PolicyContext
 from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.full_policy import FullAttentionPolicy
 from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.quest import QuestPolicy, QuestConfig, BlockMetadataManager
 from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.minference import MInferencePolicy
 from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.xattn import XAttentionPolicy
 
 
-def create_sparse_policy(policy_type: SparsePolicyType, **kwargs) -> SparsePolicy:
+def create_attention_policy(policy_type: SparsePolicyType, **kwargs) -> AttentionPolicy:
     """
-    Create a sparse policy instance from an enum type.
+    Create an attention policy instance from an enum type.
 
-    The returned policy is not yet initialized. Call policy.initialize()
+    All attention (including full attention) goes through a policy in layerwise
-    or let the framework call it during KV cache allocation.
+    offload mode. The policy is responsible for computing prefill/decode attention.
 
     Args:
-        policy_type: SparsePolicyType enum value
+        policy_type: SparsePolicyType enum value (FULL, XATTN, MINFERENCE, QUEST)
         **kwargs: Policy-specific configuration options
 
     Returns:
-        SparsePolicy instance (not initialized)
+        AttentionPolicy instance
 
     Example:
-        policy = create_sparse_policy(SparsePolicyType.QUEST, topk_blocks=4)
+        policy = create_attention_policy(SparsePolicyType.XATTN, threshold=0.9)
-        policy.initialize(num_layers=28, num_kv_heads=8, ...)
+        attn_out = policy.compute_prefill(q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale)
     """
     if policy_type == SparsePolicyType.FULL:
         return FullAttentionPolicy()
@@ -75,21 +82,32 @@ def create_sparse_policy(policy_type: SparsePolicyType, **kwargs) -> SparsePolic
             keep_sink=kwargs.get("keep_sink", False),
             keep_recent=kwargs.get("keep_recent", False),
             norm=kwargs.get("norm", 1.0),
+            use_bsa=kwargs.get("use_bsa", True),
         )
 
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"Unknown policy type: {policy_type}")
 
 
+# Backward compatibility alias
+create_sparse_policy = create_attention_policy
+
+
 __all__ = [
+    # New interface
+    "AttentionPolicy",
+    "create_attention_policy",
+    # Backward compatibility
     "SparsePolicy",
+    "create_sparse_policy",
+    # Common types
     "PolicyContext",
     "SparsePolicyType",
+    # Policy implementations
     "FullAttentionPolicy",
     "QuestPolicy",
     "QuestConfig",
     "BlockMetadataManager",
     "MInferencePolicy",
     "XAttentionPolicy",
-    "create_sparse_policy",
 ]

nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/full_policy.py

@@ -1,20 +1,21 @@
 """
-Full attention policy - loads all blocks (no sparsity).
+Full attention policy - standard FlashAttention without sparsity.
 
 This serves as a baseline and default policy when sparse
 attention is not needed.
 """
 
-from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
-from .policy import SparsePolicy, PolicyContext
+import torch
+from .policy import AttentionPolicy
 
 
-class FullAttentionPolicy(SparsePolicy):
+class FullAttentionPolicy(AttentionPolicy):
     """
-    Full attention policy that loads all available blocks.
+    Full attention policy using FlashAttention (no sparsity).
 
-    This is the default behavior with no sparsity - all previous
+    This is the default behavior with standard causal attention.
-    KV cache blocks are loaded for each query chunk.
+    All tokens attend to all previous tokens.
 
     Use this as:
     - A baseline for comparing sparse policies
@@ -25,15 +26,55 @@ class FullAttentionPolicy(SparsePolicy):
     # Full attention supports both prefill and decode
     supports_prefill = True
     supports_decode = True
-    requires_block_selection = False  # Load all blocks, no selective loading
 
-    def select_blocks(
+    def estimate(
         self,
-        available_blocks: List[int],
+        q: torch.Tensor,
-        ctx: PolicyContext,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
-    ) -> List[int]:
+        layer_id: int,
-        """Return all blocks - no sparsity."""
+    ) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
-        return available_blocks
+        """
+        Full attention - no sparse mask needed.
+
+        Returns None to indicate full attention should be used.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def compute_prefill(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
+        layer_id: int,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Compute full causal attention using FlashAttention.
+
+        Args:
+            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            v: Value tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            layer_id: Transformer layer index
+            softmax_scale: Softmax scaling factor (1/sqrt(head_dim))
+
+        Returns:
+            Attention output [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+        """
+        from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_func
+
+        seq_len = q.shape[0]
+        cu_seqlens = torch.tensor([0, seq_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+
+        return flash_attn_varlen_func(
+            q, k, v,
+            cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens,
+            cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens,
+            max_seqlen_q=seq_len,
+            max_seqlen_k=seq_len,
+            softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
+            causal=True,
+        )
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return "FullAttentionPolicy()"

nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/minference.py

@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ from typing import List, Tuple, Optional
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F
 
-from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.policy import SparsePolicy, PolicyContext
+from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.policy import AttentionPolicy, PolicyContext
 
 
-class MInferencePolicy(SparsePolicy):
+class MInferencePolicy(AttentionPolicy):
     """
     MInference sparse prefill policy using vertical + slash pattern.
 
@@ -347,6 +347,33 @@ class MInferencePolicy(SparsePolicy):
 
         return o
 
+    def compute_prefill(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
+        layer_id: int,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Compute MInference sparse prefill attention.
+
+        This is the new unified interface for attention policies.
+        Delegates to sparse_prefill_attention (ignores softmax_scale as MInference
+        computes it internally from head_dim).
+
+        Args:
+            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            v: Value tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            layer_id: Transformer layer index
+            softmax_scale: Softmax scaling factor (unused, computed internally)
+
+        Returns:
+            Attention output [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+        """
+        return self.sparse_prefill_attention(q, k, v, layer_id)
+
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return (f"MInferencePolicy("
                 f"adaptive_budget={self.adaptive_budget}, "

nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/policy.py

@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
 """
-Base class for sparse attention policies.
+Base class for attention policies in layerwise offload mode.
 
-Sparse attention policies determine which KV cache blocks to load
+AttentionPolicy defines the interface for all attention computation,
-from CPU for each query chunk during chunked attention computation.
+including full attention and sparse attention methods like XAttention.
+
+Key methods:
+- estimate(): Compute sparse attention mask (optional, returns None for full attention)
+- compute_prefill(): Compute prefill attention
+- compute_decode(): Compute decode attention (default implementation provided)
 """
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import List, Optional, Any
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
 import torch
 
 # Import SparsePolicyType from config to avoid circular imports
@@ -17,10 +22,10 @@ from nanovllm.config import SparsePolicyType
 @dataclass
 class PolicyContext:
     """
-    Context passed to sparse policy for block selection.
+    Context passed to attention policy for block selection.
 
-    This dataclass contains all information needed by a sparse policy
+    This dataclass contains all information needed by an attention policy
-    to decide which blocks to load for the current query chunk.
+    for sparse estimation and attention computation.
     """
 
     query_chunk_idx: int
@@ -49,40 +54,41 @@ class PolicyContext:
     """Total KV sequence length so far (for reference)."""
 
 
-class SparsePolicy(ABC):
+class AttentionPolicy(ABC):
     """
-    Abstract base class for sparse attention policies.
+    Base class for attention policies in layerwise offload mode.
 
-    Subclass this and implement select_blocks() to create custom
+    All attention computation goes through a policy, including both
-    sparse attention patterns. The policy receives context about
+    full attention and sparse attention methods.
-    the current query chunk and returns which KV blocks to load.
+
+    The policy interface is designed for layerwise offload where:
+    - The entire KV cache for a layer is on GPU during computation
+    - No need for block loading from CPU during attention
+    - estimate() returns a sparse mask (or None for full attention)
+    - compute_prefill()/compute_decode() perform the actual attention
 
     Attributes:
         supports_prefill: Whether this policy can be used for prefill phase.
         supports_decode: Whether this policy can be used for decode phase.
 
     Example:
-        class MySparsePolicy(SparsePolicy):
+        class MyPolicy(AttentionPolicy):
-            supports_prefill = False  # decode-only policy
+            supports_prefill = True
             supports_decode = True
 
-            def select_blocks(self, available_blocks, ctx):
+            def estimate(self, q, k, layer_id):
-                # Load first block and last 2 blocks
+                # Return sparse mask or None
-                if len(available_blocks) <= 3:
+                return None
-                    return available_blocks
+
-                return [available_blocks[0]] + available_blocks[-2:]
+            def compute_prefill(self, q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale):
+                # Compute attention
+                return flash_attn_varlen_func(q, k, v, ...)
     """
 
     # Compatibility flags - override in subclasses
     supports_prefill: bool = True
     supports_decode: bool = True
 
-    # Whether this policy requires selective block loading during decode
-    # If True: OffloadEngine will call select_blocks() before loading KV from CPU
-    # If False: OffloadEngine will load all blocks (select_blocks ignored for load)
-    # Example: MInference=False (only affects attention), Quest=True (affects load)
-    requires_block_selection: bool = False
-
     def initialize(
         self,
         num_layers: int,
@@ -96,7 +102,7 @@ class SparsePolicy(ABC):
         Initialize policy resources.
 
         Called by the framework after KV cache is allocated. Override this
-        to create metadata structures (e.g., BlockMetadataManager for Quest).
+        to create metadata structures or pre-allocate buffers.
         Default implementation does nothing.
 
         Args:
@@ -109,76 +115,98 @@ class SparsePolicy(ABC):
         """
         pass
 
-    @abstractmethod
+    def estimate(
-    def select_blocks(
         self,
-        available_blocks: List[int],
+        q: torch.Tensor,
-        ctx: PolicyContext,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
-    ) -> List[int]:
+        layer_id: int,
+    ) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
         """
-        Select which KV blocks to load for the current query chunk.
+        Estimate sparse attention mask.
 
-        This is the core method that defines the sparse attention pattern.
+        For sparse policies (e.g., XAttention), computes block-level importance
-        The returned blocks will be loaded from CPU to GPU for attention
+        and returns a boolean mask indicating which blocks to attend.
-        computation against the current query chunk.
+        For full attention policy, returns None.
+
+        This corresponds to xattn_estimate() in COMPASS.
 
         Args:
-            available_blocks: List of CPU block IDs that contain KV cache
+            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-                             from previous chunks. These are ordered by
+            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
-                             their position in the sequence.
+            layer_id: Transformer layer index
-            ctx: PolicyContext with information about the current query
-                 chunk, layer, phase (prefill/decode), etc.
 
         Returns:
-            List of block IDs to load (must be a subset of available_blocks).
+            sparse_mask: [batch, num_heads, q_blocks, k_blocks] boolean mask,
-            The order may affect performance (sequential access is faster).
+                        or None for full attention
-            Returning [] means no previous blocks will be loaded.
         """
-        pass
+        return None
 
-    def on_prefill_offload(
+    @abstractmethod
+    def compute_prefill(
         self,
-        cpu_block_id: int,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
         layer_id: int,
-        k_cache: torch.Tensor,
+        softmax_scale: float,
-        num_valid_tokens: int,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-    ) -> None:
         """
-        Hook called when a block is offloaded during prefill phase.
+        Compute prefill attention.
 
-        Called BEFORE GPU→CPU copy, while k_cache is still on GPU.
+        The entire KV cache for this layer is on GPU. Compute attention
-        Override this to collect metadata about blocks (e.g., min/max keys
+        between Q and K/V, optionally using sparse mask from estimate().
-        for Quest-style selection). Default implementation does nothing.
 
         Args:
-            cpu_block_id: The CPU block ID that will be written
+            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            v: Value tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
             layer_id: Transformer layer index
-            k_cache: Key cache tensor [block_size, num_kv_heads, head_dim] (on GPU)
+            softmax_scale: Softmax scaling factor (1/sqrt(head_dim))
-            num_valid_tokens: Number of valid tokens in this block
+
+        Returns:
+            Attention output [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
         """
         pass
 
-    def on_decode_offload(
+    def compute_decode(
         self,
-        cpu_block_id: int,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
         layer_id: int,
-        k_cache: torch.Tensor,
+        softmax_scale: float,
-        num_valid_tokens: int,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-    ) -> None:
         """
-        Hook called when a block is offloaded during decode phase.
+        Compute decode attention.
 
-        Called BEFORE GPU→CPU copy, while k_cache is still on GPU.
+        KV is provided from ring buffer, containing prefill tokens + decoded tokens.
-        Override this to update metadata about blocks. Default implementation
+        Default implementation uses FlashAttention.
-        does nothing.
 
         Args:
-            cpu_block_id: The CPU block ID that will be written
+            q: Query tensor [1, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [context_len+1, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            v: Value tensor [context_len+1, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
             layer_id: Transformer layer index
-            k_cache: Key cache tensor [block_size, num_kv_heads, head_dim] (on GPU)
+            softmax_scale: Softmax scaling factor
-            num_valid_tokens: Number of valid tokens in this block
+
+        Returns:
+            Attention output [1, num_heads, head_dim]
         """
-        pass
+        from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_func
+
+        context_len = k.shape[0]
+        cu_seqlens_q = torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+        cu_seqlens_k = torch.tensor([0, context_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+
+        return flash_attn_varlen_func(
+            q, k, v,
+            cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens_q,
+            cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens_k,
+            max_seqlen_q=1,
+            max_seqlen_k=context_len,
+            softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
+            causal=False,
+        )
 
     def reset(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -189,32 +217,9 @@ class SparsePolicy(ABC):
         """
         pass
 
-    def sparse_prefill_attention(
-        self,
-        q: torch.Tensor,
-        k: torch.Tensor,
-        v: torch.Tensor,
-        layer_id: int,
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """
-        Compute sparse attention for prefill phase.
-
-        This method is called when supports_prefill=True and the policy
-        is used for GPU-only sparse prefill (no CPU offload).
-
-        Args:
-            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
-            v: Value tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
-            layer_id: Current transformer layer index
-
-        Returns:
-            Attention output [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not implement sparse_prefill_attention. "
-            "Set supports_prefill=False or implement this method."
-        )
-
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"{self.__class__.__name__}()"
+
+
+# Backward compatibility alias
+SparsePolicy = AttentionPolicy

nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/quest.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import logging
 import torch
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import List, Tuple, Optional
-from .policy import SparsePolicy, PolicyContext
+from .policy import AttentionPolicy, PolicyContext
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class QuestConfig:
     """Always include this many recent blocks (last N blocks), in addition to Top-K."""
 
 
-class QuestPolicy(SparsePolicy):
+class QuestPolicy(AttentionPolicy):
     """
     Quest-style Top-K block selection using min/max key bounds.
 
@@ -317,6 +317,25 @@ class QuestPolicy(SparsePolicy):
         if self.metadata is not None:
             self.metadata.reset()
 
+    def compute_prefill(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
+        layer_id: int,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Quest does not support prefill - raises error.
+
+        Quest is a decode-only policy for selective block loading.
+        For prefill, use FullAttentionPolicy or XAttentionPolicy.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "QuestPolicy does not support prefill. "
+            "Use FullAttentionPolicy or XAttentionPolicy for prefill."
+        )
+
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return (
             f"QuestPolicy(topk={self.config.topk_blocks}, "

nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/xattn.py

@@ -4,48 +4,56 @@ XAttention sparse attention policy for nano-vllm.
 Implements the XAttention algorithm from COMPASS, using chunked estimation
 and block sparse attention for efficient long-context inference.
 
+Architecture:
+    XAttention = Estimate (Triton) + Compute (BSA)
+    - Estimate: xattn_estimate() computes block-level importance scores
+    - Compute: block_sparse_attn_func() executes sparse attention
+
 Reference: COMPASS/compass/src/Xattention.py
 """
 
 import math
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import Optional
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F
 
-from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.policy import SparsePolicy, PolicyContext
+from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.policy import AttentionPolicy
-from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.kernels import (
+
-    flat_group_gemm_fuse_reshape,
+# BSA block size is fixed at 128 (hardcoded in block_sparse_attn)
-    softmax_fuse_block_sum,
+BSA_BLOCK_SIZE = 128
-)
-from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse.utils import find_blocks_chunked
 
 
-class XAttentionPolicy(SparsePolicy):
+class XAttentionPolicy(AttentionPolicy):
     """
     XAttention sparse prefill policy using chunked estimation + block sparse attention.
 
     This policy estimates sparse attention patterns by:
-    1. Chunked QK computation using Triton kernels
+    1. Chunked QK computation using Triton kernels (via nanovllm.ops.xattn)
     2. Block-wise softmax with importance scores
     3. Block selection based on threshold
-    4. Block sparse attention computation
+    4. Block sparse attention computation using MIT-HAN-LAB BSA library
+
+    The key method is estimate() which calls xattn_estimate() from nanovllm.ops
+    to compute the sparse attention mask.
 
     Note: Requires Triton >= 2.1.0 and CUDA SM 80+ (RTX 3090, A100, H100, etc.)
+    BSA library: https://github.com/mit-han-lab/Block-Sparse-Attention
     """
 
     supports_prefill = True
-    supports_decode = False  # XAttention is prefill-only
+    supports_decode = True  # Uses default FlashAttention for decode
-    requires_block_selection = False  # Only affects attention computation
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         stride: int = 8,
         threshold: float = 0.9,
-        chunk_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        block_size: int = 128,
+        chunk_size: int = 16384,
         use_triton: bool = True,
         keep_sink: bool = False,
         keep_recent: bool = False,
         norm: float = 1.0,
+        use_bsa: bool = True,
     ):
         """
         Initialize XAttention policy.
@@ -53,19 +61,28 @@ class XAttentionPolicy(SparsePolicy):
         Args:
             stride: Stride for reorganizing Q/K (default: 8)
             threshold: Block selection threshold, 0-1 (default: 0.9)
-            chunk_size: Chunk size for estimation (auto if None)
+            block_size: Block size for sparse attention (default: 128, must match BSA)
+            chunk_size: Chunk size for estimation (default: 16384)
             use_triton: Use Triton kernels (requires SM 80+)
             keep_sink: Always keep first block (sink tokens)
             keep_recent: Always keep recent diagonal blocks
             norm: Normalization factor for attention scores
+            use_bsa: Use Block Sparse Attention library (default: True)
         """
         self.stride = stride
         self.threshold = threshold
+        self.block_size = block_size
         self.chunk_size = chunk_size
         self.use_triton = use_triton
         self.keep_sink = keep_sink
         self.keep_recent = keep_recent
         self.norm = norm
+        self.use_bsa = use_bsa
+
+        # BSA requires block_size = 128
+        if self.use_bsa and self.block_size != BSA_BLOCK_SIZE:
+            print(f"XAttention: BSA requires block_size=128, adjusting from {self.block_size}")
+            self.block_size = BSA_BLOCK_SIZE
 
         # Check Triton availability
         if self.use_triton:
@@ -79,380 +96,207 @@ class XAttentionPolicy(SparsePolicy):
                 self.use_triton = False
                 print("XAttention: Triton not available. Falling back to PyTorch.")
 
-    def select_blocks(
+        # Check BSA availability
+        if self.use_bsa:
+            try:
+                from block_sparse_attn import block_sparse_attn_func
+            except ImportError:
+                self.use_bsa = False
+                print("XAttention: block_sparse_attn not available. Falling back to FlashAttention.")
+
+    def estimate(
         self,
-        available_blocks: List[int],
+        q: torch.Tensor,
-        ctx: PolicyContext,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
-    ) -> List[int]:
+        layer_id: int,
+    ) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
         """
-        Select blocks for decode phase.
+        Estimate sparse attention mask using XAttention algorithm.
 
-        XAttention is prefill-only, so this method is only used as a fallback.
+        Calls xattn_estimate() from nanovllm.ops.xattn to compute block-level
-        Returns all available blocks by default.
+        importance scores and generate a sparse boolean mask.
+
+        Args:
+            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            layer_id: Transformer layer index
+
+        Returns:
+            sparse_mask: [batch, num_heads, q_blocks, k_blocks] boolean mask,
+                        or None if estimation fails (fallback to full attention)
         """
-        # XAttention is prefill-only, but we need to implement this abstract method
+        try:
-        # Since requires_block_selection=False, this won't be called for loading
+            from nanovllm.ops.xattn import xattn_estimate
-        return available_blocks
 
-    def sparse_prefill_attention(
+            seq_len, num_heads, head_dim = q.shape
+            num_kv_heads = k.shape[1]
+
+            # Convert to [batch, heads, seq, dim] format expected by xattn_estimate
+            q_bhsd = q.unsqueeze(0).transpose(1, 2)  # [1, num_heads, seq_len, head_dim]
+            k_bhsd = k.unsqueeze(0).transpose(1, 2)  # [1, num_kv_heads, seq_len, head_dim]
+
+            # Handle GQA: expand k to match q heads for estimation
+            if num_kv_heads != num_heads:
+                # GQA: expand k by repeating
+                repeat_factor = num_heads // num_kv_heads
+                k_bhsd = k_bhsd.repeat(1, repeat_factor, 1, 1)
+
+            # Call xattn_estimate
+            attn_sums, sparse_mask = xattn_estimate(
+                q_bhsd, k_bhsd,
+                block_size=self.block_size,
+                stride=self.stride,
+                norm=self.norm,
+                threshold=self.threshold,
+                chunk_size=self.chunk_size,
+                use_triton=self.use_triton,
+                causal=True,
+                keep_sink=self.keep_sink,
+                keep_recent=self.keep_recent,
+            )
+
+            return sparse_mask
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            # If estimation fails, return None to use full attention
+            print(f"XAttention estimate failed: {e}, falling back to full attention")
+            return None
+
+    def compute_prefill(
         self,
         q: torch.Tensor,
         k: torch.Tensor,
         v: torch.Tensor,
         layer_id: int,
+        softmax_scale: float,
     ) -> torch.Tensor:
         """
-        Compute XAttention sparse attention for prefill.
+        Compute XAttention sparse prefill attention.
+
+        Flow:
+        1. Call estimate() to get sparse mask
+        2. If mask is None or BSA unavailable, use full FlashAttention
+        3. Otherwise, use block_sparse_attn_func with mask
 
         Args:
             q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
             k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
             v: Value tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
-            layer_id: Current transformer layer index
+            layer_id: Transformer layer index
+            softmax_scale: Softmax scaling factor
 
         Returns:
             Attention output [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
         """
-        seq_len = q.shape[0]
+        # If BSA is disabled, use full attention directly (skip estimation)
-        num_heads = q.shape[1]
+        if not self.use_bsa:
-        head_dim = q.shape[2]
+            return self._full_attention(q, k, v, softmax_scale)
+
+        # Step 1: Estimate sparse mask
+        sparse_mask = self.estimate(q, k, layer_id)
+
+        # Step 2: Compute attention
+        if sparse_mask is None:
+            # Estimation failed, fallback to full FlashAttention
+            return self._full_attention(q, k, v, softmax_scale)
+
+        # Use block sparse attention with mask
+        return self._block_sparse_attention(q, k, v, sparse_mask, softmax_scale)
+
+    def _block_sparse_attention(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
+        sparse_mask: torch.Tensor,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Compute block sparse attention using MIT-HAN-LAB BSA library.
+
+        Args:
+            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            v: Value tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            sparse_mask: Block mask [batch, num_heads, q_blocks, k_blocks]
+            softmax_scale: Softmax scaling factor
+
+        Returns:
+            Attention output [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+        """
+        from block_sparse_attn import block_sparse_attn_func
+
+        seq_len, num_heads, head_dim = q.shape
         num_kv_heads = k.shape[1]
 
-        # Use FlashAttention directly for CPU offload mode
+        # Handle GQA: expand K/V to match Q heads
-        # FlashAttention supports GQA natively
+        if num_kv_heads != num_heads:
-        try:
+            repeat_factor = num_heads // num_kv_heads
+            k = k.repeat_interleave(repeat_factor, dim=1)
+            v = v.repeat_interleave(repeat_factor, dim=1)
+
+        # Cumulative sequence lengths (batch=1)
+        cu_seqlens_q = torch.tensor([0, seq_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+        cu_seqlens_k = torch.tensor([0, seq_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+
+        # Head mask type: 1 for all heads using block sparse
+        head_mask_type = torch.ones(num_heads, dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+
+        # Trim sparse_mask to actual block counts
+        q_blocks = (seq_len + BSA_BLOCK_SIZE - 1) // BSA_BLOCK_SIZE
+        k_blocks = (seq_len + BSA_BLOCK_SIZE - 1) // BSA_BLOCK_SIZE
+        block_mask = sparse_mask[:, :, :q_blocks, :k_blocks].contiguous()
+
+        # Call BSA
+        attn_output = block_sparse_attn_func(
+            q, k, v,
+            cu_seqlens_q, cu_seqlens_k,
+            head_mask_type,
+            None,  # streaming_info (left_mask)
+            block_mask,
+            seq_len, seq_len,
+            p_dropout=0.0,
+            deterministic=True,
+            softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
+            is_causal=True,
+        )
+
+        return attn_output
+
+    def _full_attention(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Compute full causal attention using FlashAttention.
+
+        Args:
+            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            v: Value tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            softmax_scale: Softmax scaling factor
+
+        Returns:
+            Attention output [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+        """
         from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_func
 
+        seq_len = q.shape[0]
         cu_seqlens = torch.tensor([0, seq_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
 
-            attn_output = flash_attn_varlen_func(
+        return flash_attn_varlen_func(
             q, k, v,
             cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens,
             cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens,
             max_seqlen_q=seq_len,
             max_seqlen_k=seq_len,
-                softmax_scale=1.0 / math.sqrt(head_dim),
+            softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
             causal=True,
         )
 
-            return attn_output
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            # Fallback: PyTorch SDPA (supports GQA natively)
-            print(f"XAttention: FlashAttention fallback failed ({e}), using PyTorch SDPA")
-            attn_output = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(
-                q, k, v,
-                attn_mask=None,
-                is_causal=True,
-                scale=1.0 / math.sqrt(head_dim)
-            )
-            return attn_output
-
-    def _xattn_offload_prefill(
-        self,
-        query_states: torch.Tensor,
-        key_states: torch.Tensor,
-        value_states: torch.Tensor,
-        causal: bool = True,
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """
-        Simplified XAttention prefill for CPU offload mode.
-
-        Uses FlashAttention with full context since chunked estimation
-        with full key_states requires special handling.
-        """
-        batch_size, num_heads, q_len, head_dim = query_states.shape
-        _, _, k_len, _ = key_states.shape
-
-        # Use FlashAttention with full context
-        # In offload mode, keys are already on CPU and loaded as needed
-        try:
-            from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_func
-
-            # Convert to [seq, heads, dim] format
-            q = query_states.squeeze(0).transpose(0, 1)  # [q_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-            k = key_states.squeeze(0).transpose(0, 1)  # [k_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-            v = value_states.squeeze(0).transpose(0, 1)  # [k_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-
-            cu_seqlens_q = torch.tensor([0, q_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
-            cu_seqlens_k = torch.tensor([0, k_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
-
-            attn_output = flash_attn_varlen_func(
-                q, k, v,
-                cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens_q,
-                cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens_k,
-                max_seqlen_q=q_len,
-                max_seqlen_k=k_len,
-                softmax_scale=1.0 / math.sqrt(head_dim),
-                causal=causal,
-            )
-
-            # Convert back to [batch, seq, heads, dim]
-            attn_output = attn_output.unsqueeze(0).transpose(1, 2)  # [1, q_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-
-            return attn_output
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            # Final fallback: PyTorch SDPA
-            print(f"XAttention: FlashAttention fallback failed ({e}), using PyTorch SDPA")
-            with torch.backends.cuda.sdp_kernel(enable_flash=False, enable_math=True, enable_mem_efficient=False):
-                attn_output = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(
-                    query_states, key_states, value_states,
-                    attn_mask=None,
-                    is_causal=causal,
-                    scale=1.0 / math.sqrt(head_dim)
-                )
-            return attn_output
-
-    def _xattn_prefill(
-        self,
-        query_states: torch.Tensor,
-        key_states: torch.Tensor,
-        value_states: torch.Tensor,
-        stride: int,
-        norm: float,
-        threshold: float,
-        block_size: int = 128,
-        use_triton: bool = True,
-        causal: bool = True,
-        chunk_size: Optional[int] = None,
-        keep_sink: bool = False,
-        keep_recent: bool = False,
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """
-        XAttention prefill implementation.
-
-        Args:
-            query_states: [batch, num_heads, q_len, head_dim]
-            key_states: [batch, num_heads, k_len, head_dim]
-            value_states: [batch, num_heads, k_len, head_dim]
-            ... other params
-
-        Returns:
-            Attention output [batch, q_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-        """
-        batch_size, num_heads, k_len, head_dim = key_states.shape
-        _, _, q_len, _ = query_states.shape
-
-        # Auto-compute chunk_size if not specified
-        if chunk_size is None:
-            chunk_size = int(
-                max(
-                    min(
-                        max(2048, 1 << (k_len - 1).bit_length()),
-                        128 * 1024 * 2048 // (1 << (k_len - 1).bit_length()),
-                    ),
-                    2048,
-                )
-            )
-
-        # Phase 1: Estimate sparse pattern
-        attn_sums, approx_simple_mask = self._xattn_estimate(
-            query_states,
-            key_states,
-            block_size=block_size,
-            stride=stride,
-            norm=norm,
-            threshold=threshold,
-            chunk_size=chunk_size,
-            use_triton=use_triton,
-            causal=causal,
-            keep_sink=keep_sink,
-            keep_recent=keep_recent,
-        )
-
-        # Phase 2: Block sparse attention
-        # For now, use FlashAttention as fallback since block_sparse_attn_func may not be available
-        attn_output = self._block_sparse_attention_fallback(
-            query_states, key_states, value_states,
-            approx_simple_mask, block_size, q_len, k_len
-        )
-
-        return attn_output
-
-    def _xattn_estimate(
-        self,
-        query_states: torch.Tensor,
-        key_states: torch.Tensor,
-        block_size: int,
-        stride: int,
-        norm: float = 1,
-        softmax: bool = True,
-        threshold: float = 0.9,
-        chunk_size: int = 16384,
-        use_triton: bool = True,
-        causal: bool = True,
-        keep_sink: bool = False,
-        keep_recent: bool = False,
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """
-        Estimate sparse attention pattern using chunked computation.
-
-        Returns:
-            attn_sums: [batch, heads, q_blocks, k_blocks] - importance scores
-            simple_masks: [batch, heads, q_blocks, k_blocks] - boolean masks
-        """
-        batch_size, num_kv_head, k_len, head_dim = key_states.shape
-        batch_size, num_q_head, q_len, head_dim = query_states.shape
-
-        k_num_to_pad = ((k_len + chunk_size - 1) // chunk_size) * chunk_size - k_len
-        q_num_to_pad = ((q_len + chunk_size - 1) // chunk_size) * chunk_size - q_len
-        k_chunk_num = (k_len + k_num_to_pad) // chunk_size
-        k_block_num = (k_len + k_num_to_pad) // block_size
-        q_chunk_num = (q_len + q_num_to_pad) // chunk_size
-        q_block_num = (q_len + q_num_to_pad) // block_size
-
-        # Pad inputs
-        if k_num_to_pad > 0:
-            pad_key_states = F.pad(key_states, (0, 0, 0, k_num_to_pad), value=0)
-        else:
-            pad_key_states = key_states
-        if q_num_to_pad > 0:
-            pad_query_states = F.pad(query_states, (0, 0, 0, q_num_to_pad), value=0)
-        else:
-            pad_query_states = query_states
-
-        reshaped_chunk_size = chunk_size // stride
-        reshaped_block_size = block_size // stride
-        k_reshaped_seq_len = (k_len + k_num_to_pad) // stride
-
-        attn_sum_list = []
-        simple_mask_list = []
-
-        for chunk_idx in range(q_chunk_num):
-            if use_triton:
-                # Triton GEMM + Softmax
-                attn_weights_slice = flat_group_gemm_fuse_reshape(
-                    pad_query_states[:, :, (chunk_idx * reshaped_chunk_size) * stride : (chunk_idx * reshaped_chunk_size + reshaped_chunk_size) * stride, :],
-                    pad_key_states,
-                    stride,
-                    (k_block_num - q_block_num) * reshaped_block_size + chunk_idx * reshaped_chunk_size,
-                    (k_block_num - q_block_num) * reshaped_block_size + chunk_idx * reshaped_chunk_size + reshaped_chunk_size,
-                    is_causal=causal,
-                )
-
-                attn_sum = softmax_fuse_block_sum(
-                    attn_weights_slice,
-                    reshaped_block_size,
-                    min(4096, reshaped_block_size),
-                    (k_block_num - q_block_num) * reshaped_block_size + chunk_idx * reshaped_chunk_size,
-                    (k_block_num - q_block_num) * reshaped_block_size + chunk_idx * reshaped_chunk_size + reshaped_chunk_size,
-                    k_reshaped_seq_len - (k_num_to_pad // stride),
-                    1.4426950408889634 / math.sqrt(head_dim) / stride / norm,
-                    is_causal=causal,
-                )
-            else:
-                # PyTorch fallback
-                chunk_size_actual = reshaped_chunk_size
-                chunk_start = chunk_idx * chunk_size_actual
-                chunk_end = chunk_start + chunk_size_actual
-
-                chunked_query = pad_query_states[:, :, chunk_start * stride:chunk_end * stride:stride, :]
-                attn_weights_slice = torch.matmul(chunked_query, pad_key_states.transpose(2, 3))
-                attn_weights_slice = attn_weights_slice / math.sqrt(head_dim) / stride / norm
-
-                if causal:
-                    causal_mask = torch.zeros((batch_size, num_q_head, chunk_size_actual, chunk_size_actual * k_chunk_num), device=key_states.device)
-                    causal_mask[:, :, :, -(k_num_to_pad // stride):] = float("-inf")
-                    # ... more causal mask logic ...
-                    attn_weights_slice = attn_weights_slice + causal_mask
-
-                attn_weights_slice = F.softmax(attn_weights_slice, dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32)
-                attn_sum = attn_weights_slice.view(batch_size, num_q_head, chunk_size_actual // reshaped_block_size, reshaped_block_size, -1).sum(dim=-1).sum(dim=-2)
-
-            # Find blocks based on threshold
-            simple_mask = find_blocks_chunked(
-                attn_sum,
-                k_block_num - q_block_num + chunk_idx * (reshaped_chunk_size // reshaped_block_size),
-                threshold,
-                None,
-                decoding=False,
-                mode="prefill",
-                causal=causal,
-            )
-
-            attn_sum_list.append(attn_sum)
-            simple_mask_list.append(simple_mask)
-
-        attn_sums = torch.cat(attn_sum_list, dim=-2)
-        simple_masks = torch.cat(simple_mask_list, dim=-2)
-
-        # Apply causal mask to block masks
-        if causal:
-            simple_masks[:, :, -q_block_num:, -q_block_num:] = torch.where(
-                torch.tril(torch.ones(q_block_num, q_block_num, dtype=bool, device=key_states.device), diagonal=0),
-                simple_masks[:, :, -q_block_num:, -q_block_num:],
-                False,
-            )
-
-        if keep_sink:
-            simple_masks[:, :, 0, :] = True
-
-        if keep_recent:
-            eye_matrix = torch.eye(q_block_num, device=simple_masks.device, dtype=bool)
-            eye_matrix_expanded = eye_matrix.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0).expand(1, num_q_head, q_block_num, q_block_num)
-            simple_masks[:, :, -q_block_num:, -q_block_num:] = torch.where(
-                eye_matrix_expanded, True, simple_masks[:, :, -q_block_num:, -q_block_num:]
-            )
-
-        return attn_sums, simple_masks
-
-    def _block_sparse_attention_fallback(
-        self,
-        query_states: torch.Tensor,
-        key_states: torch.Tensor,
-        value_states: torch.Tensor,
-        mask: torch.Tensor,
-        block_size: int,
-        q_len: int,
-        k_len: int,
-    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """
-        Fallback implementation using FlashAttention.
-
-        Since block_sparse_attn_func may not be available in all environments,
-        this uses standard FlashAttention with full attention.
-        """
-        try:
-            from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_func
-
-            batch_size, num_heads, _, head_dim = query_states.shape
-
-            # Convert to [seq, heads, dim] format
-            q = query_states.squeeze(0).transpose(0, 1)  # [q_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-            k = key_states.squeeze(0).transpose(0, 1)  # [k_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-            v = value_states.squeeze(0).transpose(0, 1)  # [k_len, num_heads, head_dim]
-
-            cu_seqlens_q = torch.tensor([0, q_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
-            cu_seqlens_k = torch.tensor([0, k_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
-
-            attn_output = flash_attn_varlen_func(
-                q, k, v,
-                cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens_q,
-                cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens_k,
-                max_seqlen_q=q_len,
-                max_seqlen_k=k_len,
-                softmax_scale=1.0 / math.sqrt(head_dim),
-                causal=True,
-            )
-
-            # Convert back to [batch, seq, heads, dim]
-            attn_output = attn_output.unsqueeze(0).transpose(1, 2)
-
-            return attn_output
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            # Final fallback: PyTorch SDPA
-            print(f"XAttention: FlashAttention fallback failed ({e}), using PyTorch SDPA")
-            with torch.backends.cuda.sdp_kernel(enable_flash=False, enable_math=True, enable_mem_efficient=False):
-                attn_output = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(
-                    query_states, key_states, value_states,
-                    attn_mask=None,
-                    is_causal=True,
-                    scale=1.0 / math.sqrt(query_states.shape[-1])
-                )
-            return attn_output
-
     def reset(self) -> None:
         """Reset policy state (no state to reset for XAttention)."""
         pass
@@ -461,4 +305,6 @@ class XAttentionPolicy(SparsePolicy):
         return (f"XAttentionPolicy("
                 f"stride={self.stride}, "
                 f"threshold={self.threshold}, "
-                f"use_triton={self.use_triton})")
+                f"block_size={self.block_size}, "
+                f"use_triton={self.use_triton}, "
+                f"use_bsa={self.use_bsa})")

nanovllm/layers/attention.py

@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ class Attention(nn.Module):
                                            max_seqlen_q=context.max_seqlen_q, cu_seqlens_q=context.cu_seqlens_q,
                                            max_seqlen_k=context.max_seqlen_k, cu_seqlens_k=context.cu_seqlens_k,
                                            softmax_scale=self.scale, causal=True, block_table=context.block_tables)
-            elif context.sparse_prefill_policy is not None:
+            elif context.attention_policy is not None:
-                # Sparse prefill (GPU-only) - delegate to policy
+                # Attention via policy (GPU-only) - delegate to policy
-                o = context.sparse_prefill_policy.sparse_prefill_attention(
+                o = context.attention_policy.compute_prefill(
-                    q, k, v, self.layer_id
+                    q, k, v, self.layer_id, softmax_scale=self.scale
                 )
             else:
                 o = flash_attn_varlen_func(q, k, v,

nanovllm/ops/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""
+Operators module for nano-vLLM.
+
+This module contains low-level attention operators and kernels.
+"""
+
+from nanovllm.ops.chunked_attention import (
+    flash_attn_with_lse,
+    merge_attention_outputs,
+    chunked_attention_varlen,
+    ChunkedPrefillState,
+)
+
+from nanovllm.ops.xattn import (
+    xattn_estimate,
+    xattn_estimate_chunked,
+    flat_group_gemm_fuse_reshape,
+    softmax_fuse_block_sum,
+    find_blocks_chunked,
+    create_causal_mask,
+    compute_sparsity,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    # chunked_attention
+    "flash_attn_with_lse",
+    "merge_attention_outputs",
+    "chunked_attention_varlen",
+    "ChunkedPrefillState",
+    # xattn
+    "xattn_estimate",
+    "xattn_estimate_chunked",
+    "flat_group_gemm_fuse_reshape",
+    "softmax_fuse_block_sum",
+    "find_blocks_chunked",
+    "create_causal_mask",
+    "compute_sparsity",
+]

nanovllm/ops/chunked_attention.py

@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
+"""
+Chunked attention implementation for CPU KV cache offloading.
+
+This module implements flash attention with LSE (log-sum-exp) output,
+enabling proper online softmax merging for chunked prefill.
+
+Key functions:
+- flash_attn_with_lse: Flash attention that returns output and LSE
+- merge_attention_outputs: Merge outputs from multiple KV chunks
+- chunked_prefill_attention: High-level interface for chunked attention
+"""
+
+import math
+import torch
+import triton
+import triton.language as tl
+from typing import Tuple, List, Optional
+
+
+@triton.heuristics(
+    {
+        "EVEN_M": lambda args: args["seqlen_q"] % args["BLOCK_M"] == 0,
+        "EVEN_N": lambda args: args["seqlen_k"] % args["BLOCK_N"] == 0,
+        "EVEN_HEADDIM": lambda args: args["headdim"] == args["BLOCK_HEADDIM"],
+    }
+)
+@triton.jit
+def _fwd_kernel_with_lse(
+    Q,
+    K,
+    V,
+    Out,
+    Lse,
+    softmax_scale,
+    stride_qb,
+    stride_qh,
+    stride_qm,
+    stride_kb,
+    stride_kh,
+    stride_kn,
+    stride_vb,
+    stride_vh,
+    stride_vn,
+    stride_ob,
+    stride_oh,
+    stride_om,
+    nheads,
+    seqlen_q,
+    seqlen_k,
+    seqlen_q_rounded,
+    headdim,
+    CACHE_KEY_SEQLEN_Q,
+    CACHE_KEY_SEQLEN_K,
+    IS_CAUSAL: tl.constexpr,
+    BLOCK_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr,
+    EVEN_M: tl.constexpr,
+    EVEN_N: tl.constexpr,
+    EVEN_HEADDIM: tl.constexpr,
+    BLOCK_M: tl.constexpr,
+    BLOCK_N: tl.constexpr,
+):
+    """
+    Flash attention forward kernel with LSE output.
+
+    Implements standard Flash Attention online softmax algorithm:
+    - m_i: running max of attention scores
+    - l_i: running sum of exp(scores - m_i)
+    - acc_o: running sum of softmax(scores) @ V (unnormalized)
+
+    Final output: acc_o / l_i
+    Final LSE: m_i + log(l_i)
+    """
+    start_m = tl.program_id(0)
+    off_hb = tl.program_id(1)
+    off_b = off_hb // nheads
+    off_h = off_hb % nheads
+    offs_m = start_m * BLOCK_M + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_M)
+    offs_n = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_N)
+    offs_d = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_HEADDIM)
+
+    # Pointers
+    q_ptrs = (
+        Q + off_b * stride_qb + off_h * stride_qh + (offs_m[:, None] * stride_qm + offs_d[None, :])
+    )
+    k_ptrs = (
+        K + off_b * stride_kb + off_h * stride_kh + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_kn + offs_d[None, :])
+    )
+    v_ptrs = (
+        V + off_b * stride_vb + off_h * stride_vh + (offs_n[:, None] * stride_vn + offs_d[None, :])
+    )
+
+    # Initialize running statistics
+    m_i = tl.zeros([BLOCK_M], dtype=tl.float32) - float("inf")  # running max
+    l_i = tl.zeros([BLOCK_M], dtype=tl.float32)  # running sum of exp
+    acc_o = tl.zeros([BLOCK_M, BLOCK_HEADDIM], dtype=tl.float32)  # running output (unnormalized)
+
+    # Load Q (once per block)
+    if EVEN_M & EVEN_N:
+        if EVEN_HEADDIM:
+            q = tl.load(q_ptrs)
+        else:
+            q = tl.load(q_ptrs, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim, other=0.0)
+    else:
+        if EVEN_HEADDIM:
+            q = tl.load(q_ptrs, mask=offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q, other=0.0)
+        else:
+            q = tl.load(
+                q_ptrs, mask=(offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim), other=0.0
+            )
+
+    # Loop over K, V blocks
+    end_n = seqlen_k if not IS_CAUSAL else tl.minimum((start_m + 1) * BLOCK_M, seqlen_k)
+    for start_n in range(0, end_n, BLOCK_N):
+        start_n = tl.multiple_of(start_n, BLOCK_N)
+
+        # Load K
+        if EVEN_N & EVEN_M:
+            if EVEN_HEADDIM:
+                k = tl.load(k_ptrs + start_n * stride_kn)
+            else:
+                k = tl.load(k_ptrs + start_n * stride_kn, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim, other=0.0)
+        else:
+            if EVEN_HEADDIM:
+                k = tl.load(
+                    k_ptrs + start_n * stride_kn,
+                    mask=(start_n + offs_n)[:, None] < seqlen_k,
+                    other=0.0,
+                )
+            else:
+                k = tl.load(
+                    k_ptrs + start_n * stride_kn,
+                    mask=((start_n + offs_n)[:, None] < seqlen_k) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim),
+                    other=0.0,
+                )
+
+        # Compute QK^T * scale
+        qk = tl.zeros([BLOCK_M, BLOCK_N], dtype=tl.float32)
+        qk += tl.dot(q, tl.trans(k))
+        qk *= softmax_scale
+
+        # Apply masks
+        if not EVEN_N:
+            qk += tl.where((start_n + offs_n)[None, :] < seqlen_k, 0, float("-inf"))
+        if IS_CAUSAL:
+            qk += tl.where(offs_m[:, None] >= (start_n + offs_n)[None, :], 0, float("-inf"))
+
+        # Online softmax: compute block max
+        m_ij = tl.max(qk, 1)  # [BLOCK_M]
+
+        # New running max
+        m_new = tl.maximum(m_i, m_ij)  # [BLOCK_M]
+
+        # Rescale factor for previous accumulator
+        alpha = tl.exp(m_i - m_new)  # [BLOCK_M]
+
+        # Compute P = exp(qk - m_new)
+        p = tl.exp(qk - m_new[:, None])  # [BLOCK_M, BLOCK_N]
+
+        # Sum of current block
+        l_ij = tl.sum(p, 1)  # [BLOCK_M]
+
+        # Update running sum: l_new = l_i * alpha + l_ij
+        l_new = l_i * alpha + l_ij
+
+        # Rescale previous output and add new contribution
+        acc_o = acc_o * alpha[:, None]
+
+        # Load V
+        if EVEN_N & EVEN_M:
+            if EVEN_HEADDIM:
+                v = tl.load(v_ptrs + start_n * stride_vn)
+            else:
+                v = tl.load(v_ptrs + start_n * stride_vn, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim, other=0.0)
+        else:
+            if EVEN_HEADDIM:
+                v = tl.load(
+                    v_ptrs + start_n * stride_vn,
+                    mask=(start_n + offs_n)[:, None] < seqlen_k,
+                    other=0.0,
+                )
+            else:
+                v = tl.load(
+                    v_ptrs + start_n * stride_vn,
+                    mask=((start_n + offs_n)[:, None] < seqlen_k) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim),
+                    other=0.0,
+                )
+
+        # acc_o += P @ V
+        p = p.to(v.dtype)
+        acc_o += tl.dot(p, v)
+
+        # Update running statistics
+        m_i = m_new
+        l_i = l_new
+
+    # Final normalization: output = acc_o / l_i
+    acc_o = acc_o / l_i[:, None]
+
+    # Compute LSE = m_i + log(l_i)
+    lse_i = m_i + tl.log(l_i)
+
+    # Store LSE
+    lse_ptrs = Lse + off_hb * seqlen_q_rounded + offs_m
+    if EVEN_M:
+        tl.store(lse_ptrs, lse_i)
+    else:
+        tl.store(lse_ptrs, lse_i, mask=offs_m < seqlen_q)
+
+    # Store output
+    out_ptrs = (
+        Out
+        + off_b * stride_ob
+        + off_h * stride_oh
+        + (offs_m[:, None] * stride_om + offs_d[None, :])
+    )
+    if EVEN_M:
+        if EVEN_HEADDIM:
+            tl.store(out_ptrs, acc_o)
+        else:
+            tl.store(out_ptrs, acc_o, mask=offs_d[None, :] < headdim)
+    else:
+        if EVEN_HEADDIM:
+            tl.store(out_ptrs, acc_o, mask=offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q)
+        else:
+            tl.store(
+                out_ptrs, acc_o, mask=(offs_m[:, None] < seqlen_q) & (offs_d[None, :] < headdim)
+            )
+
+
+def flash_attn_with_lse(
+    q: torch.Tensor,
+    k: torch.Tensor,
+    v: torch.Tensor,
+    softmax_scale: Optional[float] = None,
+    causal: bool = False,
+) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+    """
+    Flash attention forward pass that returns both output and LSE.
+
+    Uses flash_attn library which natively supports GQA without memory overhead.
+
+    Args:
+        q: Query tensor [batch, seqlen_q, nheads_q, headdim]
+        k: Key tensor [batch, seqlen_k, nheads_kv, headdim]
+        v: Value tensor [batch, seqlen_k, nheads_kv, headdim]
+        softmax_scale: Scaling factor (default: 1/sqrt(headdim))
+        causal: Whether to apply causal masking
+
+    Returns:
+        out: Output tensor [batch, seqlen_q, nheads_q, headdim]
+        lse: Log-sum-exp tensor [batch, nheads_q, seqlen_q]
+    """
+    from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_func
+
+    batch, seqlen_q, nheads_q, headdim = q.shape
+    _, seqlen_k, nheads_kv, _ = k.shape
+
+    if softmax_scale is None:
+        softmax_scale = 1.0 / math.sqrt(headdim)
+
+    # Use flash_attn_func which natively supports GQA (no memory overhead)
+    # It returns (output, softmax_lse) when return_attn_probs=True is not set
+    # We need to use the internal function to get LSE
+    out, lse, _ = flash_attn_func(
+        q, k, v,
+        softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
+        causal=causal,
+        return_attn_probs=True,  # This makes it return (out, softmax_lse, S_dmask)
+    )
+
+    # lse shape from flash_attn: [batch, nheads_q, seqlen_q_rounded]
+    # Trim to actual seqlen_q
+    lse = lse[:, :, :seqlen_q]
+
+    return out, lse
+
+
+@triton.jit
+def _merge_lse_kernel(
+    lse1_ptr, lse2_ptr, lse_out_ptr,
+    num_elements: tl.constexpr,
+    BLOCK_SIZE: tl.constexpr,
+):
+    """Fused kernel for merging LSE values.
+
+    IMPORTANT: Uses fp32 for exp/log operations to avoid precision loss.
+    bf16 has only 7 bits of mantissa, causing significant errors in exp/log.
+    """
+    # Each program handles BLOCK_SIZE elements
+    pid = tl.program_id(0)
+    block_start = pid * BLOCK_SIZE
+
+    offsets = block_start + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE)
+    mask = offsets < num_elements
+
+    # Load lse values and convert to fp32 for precision
+    lse1 = tl.load(lse1_ptr + offsets, mask=mask).to(tl.float32)
+    lse2 = tl.load(lse2_ptr + offsets, mask=mask).to(tl.float32)
+
+    # Compute max for numerical stability (in fp32)
+    max_lse = tl.maximum(lse1, lse2)
+
+    # Compute exp(lse - max_lse) in fp32
+    exp1 = tl.exp(lse1 - max_lse)
+    exp2 = tl.exp(lse2 - max_lse)
+
+    # Compute merged LSE: max_lse + log(exp1 + exp2) in fp32
+    lse_merged = max_lse + tl.log(exp1 + exp2)
+
+    # Store result (convert back to original dtype)
+    tl.store(lse_out_ptr + offsets, lse_merged, mask=mask)
+
+
+@triton.jit
+def _merge_output_kernel(
+    o1_ptr, o2_ptr, lse1_ptr, lse2_ptr, o_out_ptr,
+    batch: tl.constexpr, seqlen_q: tl.constexpr, nheads: tl.constexpr, headdim: tl.constexpr,
+    BLOCK_SIZE: tl.constexpr,
+):
+    """Fused kernel for merging attention outputs.
+
+    IMPORTANT: Uses fp32 for exp operations and weighted sum to avoid precision loss.
+    This is critical for numerical accuracy in chunked attention.
+    """
+    # Each program handles BLOCK_SIZE elements along headdim for one (batch, seqlen_q, nheads) position
+    pid_batch = tl.program_id(0)
+    pid_seq = tl.program_id(1)
+    pid_head = tl.program_id(2)
+
+    # Compute LSE index: [batch, nheads, seqlen_q]
+    lse_idx = pid_batch * nheads * seqlen_q + pid_head * seqlen_q + pid_seq
+
+    # Load LSE values and convert to fp32 for precision
+    lse1 = tl.load(lse1_ptr + lse_idx).to(tl.float32)
+    lse2 = tl.load(lse2_ptr + lse_idx).to(tl.float32)
+
+    # Compute max and scaling factors in fp32
+    max_lse = tl.maximum(lse1, lse2)
+    exp1 = tl.exp(lse1 - max_lse)
+    exp2 = tl.exp(lse2 - max_lse)
+    sum_exp = exp1 + exp2
+
+    # Process headdim in chunks
+    for d_offset in range(0, headdim, BLOCK_SIZE):
+        d_idx = d_offset + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE)
+        mask = d_idx < headdim
+
+        # Compute output index: [batch, seqlen_q, nheads, headdim]
+        base_idx = (pid_batch * seqlen_q * nheads * headdim +
+                    pid_seq * nheads * headdim +
+                    pid_head * headdim)
+        o_idx = base_idx + d_idx
+
+        # Load o1, o2 and convert to fp32 for weighted sum
+        o1_val = tl.load(o1_ptr + o_idx, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)
+        o2_val = tl.load(o2_ptr + o_idx, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)
+
+        # Compute merged output in fp32: (o1 * exp1 + o2 * exp2) / sum_exp
+        o_merged = (o1_val * exp1 + o2_val * exp2) / sum_exp
+
+        # Store result (Triton will convert back to original dtype)
+        tl.store(o_out_ptr + o_idx, o_merged, mask=mask)
+
+
+def merge_attention_outputs(
+    o1: torch.Tensor,
+    lse1: torch.Tensor,
+    o2: torch.Tensor,
+    lse2: torch.Tensor,
+) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+    """
+    Merge two attention outputs using online softmax (Triton fused kernel).
+
+    This implements the online softmax merging formula:
+    - m_new = max(lse1, lse2)
+    - o_new = (exp(lse1 - m_new) * o1 + exp(lse2 - m_new) * o2) / (exp(lse1 - m_new) + exp(lse2 - m_new))
+    - lse_new = m_new + log(exp(lse1 - m_new) + exp(lse2 - m_new))
+
+    Args:
+        o1: First output [batch, seqlen_q, nheads, headdim]
+        lse1: First LSE [batch, nheads, seqlen_q]
+        o2: Second output [batch, seqlen_q, nheads, headdim]
+        lse2: Second LSE [batch, nheads, seqlen_q]
+
+    Returns:
+        o_merged: Merged output [batch, seqlen_q, nheads, headdim]
+        lse_merged: Merged LSE [batch, nheads, seqlen_q]
+    """
+    batch, seqlen_q, nheads, headdim = o1.shape
+
+    # Allocate output tensors
+    o_merged = torch.empty_like(o1)
+    lse_merged = torch.empty_like(lse1)
+
+    # Launch LSE merge kernel
+    num_lse_elements = batch * nheads * seqlen_q
+    BLOCK_SIZE_LSE = 256
+    grid_lse = (triton.cdiv(num_lse_elements, BLOCK_SIZE_LSE),)
+    _merge_lse_kernel[grid_lse](
+        lse1, lse2, lse_merged,
+        num_lse_elements,
+        BLOCK_SIZE=BLOCK_SIZE_LSE,
+    )
+
+    # Launch output merge kernel
+    BLOCK_SIZE = 128
+    grid_output = (batch, seqlen_q, nheads)
+    _merge_output_kernel[grid_output](
+        o1, o2, lse1, lse2, o_merged,
+        batch, seqlen_q, nheads, headdim,
+        BLOCK_SIZE=BLOCK_SIZE,
+    )
+
+    return o_merged, lse_merged
+
+
+def chunked_attention_varlen(
+    q: torch.Tensor,
+    kv_chunks: List[Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]],
+    cu_seqlens_q: torch.Tensor,
+    cu_seqlens_k_list: List[torch.Tensor],
+    max_seqlen_q: int,
+    max_seqlen_k_list: List[int],
+    softmax_scale: Optional[float] = None,
+    causal_mask_per_chunk: Optional[List[bool]] = None,
+) -> torch.Tensor:
+    """
+    Compute attention with KV split across multiple chunks.
+
+    This is the core function for chunked prefill. It computes attention
+    against each KV chunk and merges results using online softmax.
+
+    For causal attention with chunked KV:
+    - First chunk (current tokens): Apply causal mask
+    - Previous chunks: No causal mask (all previous tokens are valid context)
+
+    Args:
+        q: Query tensor [total_q_tokens, nheads, headdim]
+        kv_chunks: List of (K, V) tuples, each [batch, seqlen_k_i, nheads, headdim]
+        cu_seqlens_q: Cumulative sequence lengths for Q [batch+1]
+        cu_seqlens_k_list: List of cumulative sequence lengths for each KV chunk
+        max_seqlen_q: Maximum query sequence length
+        max_seqlen_k_list: List of maximum key sequence lengths for each chunk
+        softmax_scale: Scaling factor
+        causal_mask_per_chunk: Whether to apply causal mask for each chunk
+
+    Returns:
+        out: Output tensor [total_q_tokens, nheads, headdim]
+    """
+    if len(kv_chunks) == 0:
+        raise ValueError("Need at least one KV chunk")
+
+    nheads = q.shape[1]
+    headdim = q.shape[2]
+    batch = cu_seqlens_q.shape[0] - 1
+
+    if softmax_scale is None:
+        softmax_scale = 1.0 / math.sqrt(headdim)
+
+    if causal_mask_per_chunk is None:
+        # Default: causal for last chunk only
+        causal_mask_per_chunk = [False] * (len(kv_chunks) - 1) + [True]
+
+    # Initialize accumulated output and LSE
+    accumulated_o = None
+    accumulated_lse = None
+
+    for chunk_idx, (k_chunk, v_chunk) in enumerate(kv_chunks):
+        is_causal = causal_mask_per_chunk[chunk_idx]
+
+        # Reshape Q for batch processing
+        # For varlen, we need to handle each sequence separately
+        # For simplicity, assume single sequence (batch=1) for now
+        q_batched = q.unsqueeze(0)  # [1, total_q, nheads, headdim]
+
+        # Compute attention for this chunk
+        chunk_o, chunk_lse = flash_attn_with_lse(
+            q_batched,
+            k_chunk,
+            v_chunk,
+            softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
+            causal=is_causal,
+        )
+
+        # Merge with accumulated
+        if accumulated_o is None:
+            accumulated_o = chunk_o
+            accumulated_lse = chunk_lse
+        else:
+            accumulated_o, accumulated_lse = merge_attention_outputs(
+                accumulated_o, accumulated_lse,
+                chunk_o, chunk_lse,
+            )
+
+    # Remove batch dimension
+    return accumulated_o.squeeze(0)
+
+
+class ChunkedPrefillState:
+    """
+    State for tracking chunked prefill progress.
+
+    This class maintains the accumulated attention output and LSE
+    across multiple prefill chunks.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, num_layers: int, dtype: torch.dtype, device: torch.device):
+        self.num_layers = num_layers
+        self.dtype = dtype
+        self.device = device
+
+        # Per-layer accumulated outputs
+        # Each entry: (accumulated_output, accumulated_lse) or None
+        self.layer_states: List[Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]]] = [
+            None for _ in range(num_layers)
+        ]
+
+        # Track which chunks have been processed
+        self.processed_chunks: int = 0
+
+    def update_layer(
+        self,
+        layer_id: int,
+        chunk_output: torch.Tensor,
+        chunk_lse: torch.Tensor,
+    ):
+        """Update accumulated state for a layer with a new chunk's output."""
+        if self.layer_states[layer_id] is None:
+            self.layer_states[layer_id] = (chunk_output, chunk_lse)
+        else:
+            acc_o, acc_lse = self.layer_states[layer_id]
+            merged_o, merged_lse = merge_attention_outputs(
+                acc_o, acc_lse,
+                chunk_output, chunk_lse,
+            )
+            self.layer_states[layer_id] = (merged_o, merged_lse)
+
+    def get_layer_output(self, layer_id: int) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
+        """Get the final accumulated output for a layer."""
+        if self.layer_states[layer_id] is None:
+            return None
+        return self.layer_states[layer_id][0]
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear all accumulated state."""
+        self.layer_states = [None for _ in range(self.num_layers)]
+        self.processed_chunks = 0
+
+
+# Test function
+def _test_chunked_attention():
+    """Test chunked attention using flash_attn_with_lse and merge_attention_outputs."""
+    from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_func
+
+    torch.manual_seed(42)
+
+    print("=" * 70)
+    print("Test: Chunked attention vs flash_attn_func (non-causal)")
+    print("=" * 70)
+    print("Splitting K,V into chunks, computing attention per chunk, then merging")
+    print()
+
+    for dtype in [torch.float16, torch.bfloat16]:
+        for num_chunks in [64, 128, 256]:
+            for batch, seqlen, nheads, headdim in [
+                (1, 1024, 32, 128),
+                (1, 2048, 32, 128),
+                (1, 4096, 32, 128),
+                (1, 8192, 32, 128),
+            ]:
+                # Generate random Q, K, V
+                q = torch.randn(batch, seqlen, nheads, headdim, device="cuda", dtype=dtype)
+                k = torch.randn(batch, seqlen, nheads, headdim, device="cuda", dtype=dtype)
+                v = torch.randn(batch, seqlen, nheads, headdim, device="cuda", dtype=dtype)
+
+                # Reference: full attention (non-causal)
+                out_ref = flash_attn_func(q, k, v, causal=False)
+
+                # Chunked attention: split K, V into chunks
+                chunk_size = seqlen // num_chunks
+                accumulated_o = None
+                accumulated_lse = None
+
+                for i in range(num_chunks):
+                    start = i * chunk_size
+                    end = (i + 1) * chunk_size
+
+                    k_chunk = k[:, start:end, :, :]
+                    v_chunk = v[:, start:end, :, :]
+
+                    # Q attends to this K,V chunk (non-causal)
+                    chunk_o, chunk_lse = flash_attn_with_lse(
+                        q, k_chunk, v_chunk, causal=False
+                    )
+
+                    if accumulated_o is None:
+                        accumulated_o = chunk_o
+                        accumulated_lse = chunk_lse
+                    else:
+                        # Merge with previous chunks
+                        accumulated_o, accumulated_lse = merge_attention_outputs(
+                            accumulated_o, accumulated_lse,
+                            chunk_o, chunk_lse
+                        )
+
+                # Compare
+                out_diff = (out_ref - accumulated_o).abs()
+                out_max_diff = out_diff.max().item()
+                out_mean_diff = out_diff.mean().item()
+
+                status = "PASS" if out_max_diff < 1e-2 else "FAIL"
+                print(
+                    f"[{status}] dtype={str(dtype):14s} chunks={num_chunks} "
+                    f"shape=({batch}, {seqlen:4d}, {nheads:2d}, {headdim:3d}) "
+                    f"max_diff={out_max_diff:.6f} mean_diff={out_mean_diff:.6f}"
+                )
+
+    print()
+    print("=" * 70)
+    print("Test completed!")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    _test_chunked_attention()

nanovllm/utils/context.py

@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ class Context:
     context_lens: torch.Tensor | None = None
     block_tables: torch.Tensor | None = None
 
-    # Sparse prefill attention support (GPU-only path)
+    # Attention policy support (GPU-only path)
-    # When set, uses policy.sparse_prefill_attention() instead of FlashAttention
+    # When set, uses policy.compute_prefill() instead of FlashAttention
-    sparse_prefill_policy: Any = None  # SparsePolicy instance with supports_prefill=True
+    attention_policy: Any = None  # AttentionPolicy instance
 
 
 _CONTEXT = Context()
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def set_context(
     slot_mapping=None,
     context_lens=None,
     block_tables=None,
-    sparse_prefill_policy=None,
+    attention_policy=None,
 ):
     global _CONTEXT
     _CONTEXT = Context(
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def set_context(
         slot_mapping=slot_mapping,
         context_lens=context_lens,
         block_tables=block_tables,
-        sparse_prefill_policy=sparse_prefill_policy,
+        attention_policy=attention_policy,
     )
 
 

notes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# Notes: SparsePolicy Refactoring Research
+
+## Sources
+
+### Source 1: tzj/minference branch - policy.py
+- 路径: `nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/policy.py`
+- 关键设计:
+  - `PolicyContext` 数据类包含 query_chunk_idx, num_query_chunks, layer_id, query, is_prefill 等
+  - `select_blocks()` 需要 offload_engine 参数
+  - `compute_chunked_prefill()` 和 `compute_chunked_decode()` 是完整的 attention 流程
+  - `on_prefill_offload()` / `on_decode_offload()` hooks 用于收集元数据
+
+### Source 2: tzj/minference branch - full_policy.py
+- 路径: `nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/full_policy.py`
+- 关键实现:
+  - `compute_chunked_prefill()` 内部使用 ring buffer pipeline 加载 blocks
+  - 使用 `flash_attn_with_lse` 和 `merge_attention_outputs` 合并多个 chunk 的 attention
+  - `compute_chunked_decode()` 处理 prefilled blocks + decode buffer
+
+### Source 3: tzj/layer-offload branch - model_runner.py
+- 路径: `nanovllm/engine/model_runner.py`
+- 关键设计:
+  - `run_layerwise_offload_prefill()` 逐层处理，每层计算完整 attention
+  - `sparse_prefill_policy.sparse_prefill_attention(q, k, v, layer_id)` 简单接口
+  - FULL policy 通过 `if sparse_prefill_policy is None` 走 else 分支
+
+### Source 4: tzj/layer-offload branch - xattn.py
+- 路径: `nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/xattn.py`
+- 关键实现:
+  - `sparse_prefill_attention()` 直接使用 FlashAttention（因为 chunked prefill 架构限制）
+  - 保留 Triton kernels 供未来 GPU-only 模式
+
+## Synthesized Findings
+
+### 架构差异总结
+
+| 方面 | Chunked Offload | Layerwise Offload |
+|------|-----------------|-------------------|
+| **Prefill 流程** | chunk-by-chunk，跨层 | layer-by-layer，完整序列 |
+| **KV 存储** | 每 chunk 立即 offload | 每层计算后 offload |
+| **Attention 计算** | 分多次计算+合并 | 一次完整计算 |
+| **Block 加载** | 需要从 CPU 加载历史 | 不需要，已在 GPU |
+| **Policy 责任** | 完整 attention 流程 | 仅 attention kernel 选择 |
+
+### Layerwise Offload 的简化点
+
+1. **不需要 block selection**: 整层 KV 都在 GPU，无需选择
+2. **不需要 offload_engine 参数**: Policy 不负责加载 KV
+3. **不需要 merge_attention_outputs**: 一次计算完整 attention
+4. **不需要 offload hooks**: offload 在 model_runner 统一处理
+
+### 设计建议
+
+1. **保持接口简单**: 只需要 `compute_prefill_attention()` 和 `compute_decode_attention()`
+2. **FULL 也实现方法**: 不再通过 `is None` 判断，所有 policy 统一调用
+3. **移除不必要的参数**: 不需要 offload_engine, kvcache_manager, seq 等
+4. **统一命名**: 使用 `compute_*_attention` 而不是 `sparse_prefill_attention`
+
+## Code Examples
+
+### 当前调用方式 (model_runner.py:876-891)
+
+```python
+# Sparse or Full attention
+if self.sparse_prefill_policy is not None:
+    # MInference or other sparse prefill policy
+    attn_output = self.sparse_prefill_policy.sparse_prefill_attention(
+        q, k, v, layer_id
+    )
+else:
+    # Full attention using FlashAttention
+    attn_output = flash_attn_varlen_func(
+        q, k, v, ...
+    )
+```
+
+### 建议的新调用方式
+
+```python
+# 所有 policy 统一调用
+attn_output = self.attention_policy.compute_prefill_attention(
+    q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale=layer.self_attn.attn.scale
+)
+```
+
+## Questions Resolved
+
+- Q: 是否需要 PolicyContext?
+- A: 可以简化，因为 layerwise 模式下不需要 chunk 信息
+
+- Q: decode 阶段如何处理?
+- A: **Decode 不需要 policy**！当前 `run_layerwise_offload_decode()` 使用标准 `layer(positions, hidden_states, residual)` 调用，走 Attention.forward() 路径
+
+- Q: 为什么 decode 不需要 sparse?
+- A: 因为 decode 每次只有 1 个 token，没有稀疏化的意义。KV 从 ring buffer 加载后直接用 flash_attn_with_kvcache
+
+## Key Insight
+
+**Layerwise Offload 的 Policy 设计应该只关注 Prefill**：
+
+```
+Prefill: 需要 Policy
+- 整个序列一次计算 attention
+- 可以使用 sparse attention 方法（如 MInference 的 vertical+slash pattern）
+- Policy 接收 q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale
+
+Decode: 不需要 Policy
+- 每次只有 1 个 token query
+- KV 从 ring buffer 加载
+- 使用标准 flash_attn_with_kvcache
+```
+
+## Interface Comparison Summary
+
+| 方面 | tzj/minference | tzj/layer-offload (新设计) |
+|------|----------------|---------------------------|
+| 类名 | SparsePolicy | AttentionPolicy |
+| Prefill 方法 | compute_chunked_prefill() | compute_attention() |
+| Decode 方法 | compute_chunked_decode() | 不需要（用标准路径） |
+| 需要 offload_engine | 是 | 否 |
+| 需要 kvcache_manager | 是 | 否 |
+| 需要 seq | 是 | 否 |
+| 支持 FULL | 是 | 是 |
+
+## Migration Path
+
+1. 保留 `SparsePolicy` 作为 `AttentionPolicy` 的别名
+2. 保留 `PolicyContext` 供未来扩展
+3. 保留 `select_blocks()` 方法签名（虽然不使用）
+4. 移除 `requires_block_selection` 属性（不需要）

task_plan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+# Task Plan: Refactor SparsePolicy for Layerwise Offload
+
+## Goal
+重构 SparsePolicy 接口，参考 tzj/minference 分支的设计模式，使所有 attention 都可以抽象成 policy，并按统一规范编写。适配当前 layerwise offload 架构特点（整层 KV 在 GPU 上）。
+
+## Background
+
+### 两种 Offload 架构对比
+
+| 特性 | tzj/minference (Chunked Offload) | tzj/layer-offload (Layerwise Offload) |
+|------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
+| 处理粒度 | 每次一个 chunk (block_size tokens) | 每次一整层 (所有 tokens) |
+| KV 位置 | 历史 chunks 在 CPU，需要加载 | 整层 KV 都在 GPU |
+| Policy 入口 | `compute_chunked_prefill()/decode()` | `compute_prefill()/decode()` |
+| 需要 offload_engine | 是（加载 blocks） | 否（KV 已在 GPU） |
+| Mask 计算 | `select_blocks()` 返回 block IDs | `estimate()` 返回 sparse mask |
+
+### tzj/minference 的 Policy 接口
+
+```python
+class SparsePolicy(ABC):
+    supports_prefill: bool
+    supports_decode: bool
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def select_blocks(self, available_blocks, offload_engine, ctx) -> List[int]
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def compute_chunked_prefill(self, q, k, v, layer_id, ..., offload_engine, ...) -> Tensor
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def compute_chunked_decode(self, q, layer_id, ..., offload_engine, ...) -> Tensor
+```
+
+### 当前 branch 的 Policy 接口（重构前）
+
+```python
+class SparsePolicy(ABC):
+    supports_prefill: bool
+    supports_decode: bool
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def select_blocks(self, available_blocks, ctx) -> List[int]
+
+    def sparse_prefill_attention(self, q, k, v, layer_id) -> Tensor
+```
+
+## Phases
+
+- [x] Phase 1: 分析差异并设计新接口
+- [x] **Phase 0: 创建 nanovllm.ops 模块** ✅ 测试通过
+- [ ] Phase 2: 重构 AttentionPolicy 基类
+- [ ] Phase 3: 重构 FullAttentionPolicy
+- [ ] Phase 4: 重构 XAttentionPolicy (含 estimate 方法)
+- [ ] Phase 5: 更新 model_runner 调用方式
+- [ ] Phase 6: 测试验证
+
+---
+
+## Phase 0: 创建 nanovllm.ops 模块
+
+### 目标
+从 tzj/minference 分支提取 ops 模块，为 XAttention estimate 提供底层算子支持。
+
+### 步骤
+
+1. **创建目录结构**
+   ```
+   nanovllm/ops/
+   ├── __init__.py
+   ├── xattn.py           # xattn_estimate, xattn_estimate_chunked, Triton kernels
+   └── chunked_attention.py  # flash_attn_with_lse, merge_attention_outputs (备用)
+   ```
+
+2. **从 tzj/minference 提取文件**
+   ```bash
+   git show tzj/minference:nanovllm/ops/__init__.py > nanovllm/ops/__init__.py
+   git show tzj/minference:nanovllm/ops/xattn.py > nanovllm/ops/xattn.py
+   git show tzj/minference:nanovllm/ops/chunked_attention.py > nanovllm/ops/chunked_attention.py
+   ```
+
+3. **Cherry-pick 测试文件**
+   ```bash
+   git show tzj/minference:tests/test_xattn_estimate_chunked.py > tests/test_xattn_estimate_chunked.py
+   ```
+
+4. **运行测试验证**
+   ```bash
+   CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 PYTHONPATH=/home/zijie/Code/Worktree/nano-vllm:$PYTHONPATH \
+       python tests/test_xattn_estimate_chunked.py
+   ```
+
+### nanovllm/ops 模块内容
+
+| 文件 | 核心函数 | 用途 |
+|------|----------|------|
+| `xattn.py` | `xattn_estimate()` | 标准 XAttention estimation |
+| `xattn.py` | `xattn_estimate_chunked()` | Chunked prefill 版本 |
+| `xattn.py` | `flat_group_gemm_fuse_reshape()` | Triton kernel: fused reshape + GEMM |
+| `xattn.py` | `softmax_fuse_block_sum()` | Triton kernel: softmax + block sum |
+| `xattn.py` | `find_blocks_chunked()` | Block selection based on threshold |
+| `chunked_attention.py` | `flash_attn_with_lse()` | Flash attention with LSE output |
+| `chunked_attention.py` | `merge_attention_outputs()` | Merge multiple attention chunks |
+
+### 与 Policy 的关系
+
+```
+XAttentionPolicy.estimate()
+    └── 调用 nanovllm.ops.xattn.xattn_estimate()
+            ├── flat_group_gemm_fuse_reshape() (Triton)
+            ├── softmax_fuse_block_sum() (Triton)
+            └── find_blocks_chunked()
+```
+
+---
+
+## Key Questions
+
+1. **`select_blocks` 改为什么?**
+   - 改名为 `estimate()`：用于计算 sparse mask
+   - 对于 XAttention，对应 COMPASS 的 `xattn_estimate()` 函数
+   - FullAttentionPolicy 的 `estimate()` 返回 None（表示 full attention）
+
+2. **Policy 接口应该如何设计?**
+   - Prefill: `compute_prefill(q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale)`
+   - Decode: `compute_decode(q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale)`
+   - Estimate: `estimate(q, k, layer_id)` - 计算 sparse mask
+
+3. **FULL policy 如何处理?**
+   - FULL 也实现 `compute_prefill/decode`，使用 FlashAttention
+   - `estimate()` 返回 None（表示不进行稀疏化）
+
+## Proposed New Interface
+
+```python
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Optional
+import torch
+
+
+class AttentionPolicy(ABC):
+    """Layerwise Offload 模式下的 Attention Policy
+
+    所有 attention 计算都通过 policy 进行，包括 Full 和 Sparse。
+    支持 prefill 和 decode 两个阶段。
+    """
+
+    supports_prefill: bool = True
+    supports_decode: bool = True
+
+    def estimate(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,      # [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+        k: torch.Tensor,      # [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+        layer_id: int,
+    ) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
+        """
+        估算 sparse attention mask。
+
+        对于 sparse policy（如 XAttention），计算哪些 blocks 需要 attend。
+        对于 full policy，返回 None 表示使用完整 attention。
+
+        对应 COMPASS 的 xattn_estimate() 函数。
+
+        Args:
+            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            layer_id: Transformer layer index
+
+        Returns:
+            sparse_mask: [num_heads, q_blocks, k_blocks] boolean mask, 或 None
+        """
+        return None  # 默认为 full attention
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def compute_prefill(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,      # [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+        k: torch.Tensor,      # [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+        v: torch.Tensor,      # [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+        layer_id: int,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        计算 prefill attention。
+
+        整层 KV 都在 GPU 上，一次计算完整 attention。
+        可以先调用 estimate() 获取 sparse mask，然后应用 block sparse attention。
+
+        Args:
+            q: Query tensor [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            v: Value tensor [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            layer_id: Transformer layer index
+            softmax_scale: Softmax scaling factor (1/sqrt(head_dim))
+
+        Returns:
+            Attention output [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def compute_decode(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,      # [1, num_heads, head_dim]
+        k: torch.Tensor,      # [context_len+1, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+        v: torch.Tensor,      # [context_len+1, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+        layer_id: int,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        计算 decode attention。
+
+        KV 从 ring buffer 提供，包含 prefill tokens + 已 decode 的 tokens。
+
+        Args:
+            q: Query tensor [1, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: Key tensor [context_len+1, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            v: Value tensor [context_len+1, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            layer_id: Transformer layer index
+            softmax_scale: Softmax scaling factor
+
+        Returns:
+            Attention output [1, num_heads, head_dim]
+        """
+        # 默认实现：使用 FlashAttention
+        from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_func
+
+        context_len = k.shape[0]
+        cu_seqlens_q = torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+        cu_seqlens_k = torch.tensor([0, context_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+
+        return flash_attn_varlen_func(
+            q, k, v,
+            cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens_q,
+            cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens_k,
+            max_seqlen_q=1,
+            max_seqlen_k=context_len,
+            softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
+            causal=False,
+        )
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        """Reset policy state between sequences."""
+        pass
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}()"
+
+
+# 保留旧名称作为别名
+SparsePolicy = AttentionPolicy
+```
+
+## Implementation Plan
+
+### Phase 2: 重构 policy.py
+
+```python
+# nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/policy.py
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Optional
+import torch
+
+
+class AttentionPolicy(ABC):
+    """Base class for attention policies in layerwise offload mode."""
+
+    supports_prefill: bool = True
+    supports_decode: bool = True
+
+    def estimate(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        layer_id: int,
+    ) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
+        """
+        Estimate sparse attention mask.
+
+        For sparse policies (e.g., XAttention), computes block-level importance.
+        For full policy, returns None.
+
+        Corresponds to xattn_estimate() in COMPASS.
+
+        Returns:
+            sparse_mask: [num_heads, q_blocks, k_blocks] or None
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def compute_prefill(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
+        layer_id: int,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Compute prefill attention."""
+        pass
+
+    def compute_decode(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
+        layer_id: int,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Compute decode attention (default: FlashAttention)."""
+        from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_func
+
+        context_len = k.shape[0]
+        cu_seqlens_q = torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+        cu_seqlens_k = torch.tensor([0, context_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+
+        return flash_attn_varlen_func(
+            q, k, v,
+            cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens_q,
+            cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens_k,
+            max_seqlen_q=1,
+            max_seqlen_k=context_len,
+            softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
+            causal=False,
+        )
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}()"
+
+
+# Backward compatibility alias
+SparsePolicy = AttentionPolicy
+```
+
+### Phase 3: 重构 FullAttentionPolicy
+
+```python
+# nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/full_policy.py
+
+import torch
+from .policy import AttentionPolicy
+
+
+class FullAttentionPolicy(AttentionPolicy):
+    """Full attention using FlashAttention (no sparsity)."""
+
+    supports_prefill = True
+    supports_decode = True
+
+    def estimate(self, q, k, layer_id):
+        """Full attention - no sparse mask needed."""
+        return None
+
+    def compute_prefill(self, q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale):
+        from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_func
+
+        seq_len = q.shape[0]
+        cu_seqlens = torch.tensor([0, seq_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+
+        return flash_attn_varlen_func(
+            q, k, v,
+            cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens,
+            cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens,
+            max_seqlen_q=seq_len,
+            max_seqlen_k=seq_len,
+            softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
+            causal=True,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "FullAttentionPolicy()"
+```
+
+### Phase 4: 重构 XAttentionPolicy
+
+```python
+# nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/xattn.py
+
+import torch
+from typing import Optional
+from .policy import AttentionPolicy
+
+
+class XAttentionPolicy(AttentionPolicy):
+    """
+    XAttention sparse prefill policy.
+
+    Uses chunked estimation to compute sparse attention mask,
+    then applies block sparse attention.
+    """
+
+    supports_prefill = True
+    supports_decode = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stride: int = 8,
+        threshold: float = 0.9,
+        block_size: int = 128,
+        chunk_size: int = 16384,
+        use_triton: bool = True,
+    ):
+        self.stride = stride
+        self.threshold = threshold
+        self.block_size = block_size
+        self.chunk_size = chunk_size
+        self.use_triton = use_triton
+
+    def estimate(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        layer_id: int,
+    ) -> Optional[torch.Tensor]:
+        """
+        XAttention estimation (xattn_estimate).
+
+        Uses chunked GEMM + softmax to estimate block-level importance,
+        then selects important blocks based on threshold.
+
+        对应 COMPASS 的 xattn_estimate() 函数:
+        1. Pad inputs to chunk_size multiples
+        2. Reshape with stride
+        3. Compute QK^T in chunks (Triton)
+        4. Block-wise softmax + aggregation
+        5. Threshold-based selection
+
+        Args:
+            q: [seq_len, num_heads, head_dim]
+            k: [seq_len, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
+            layer_id: transformer layer index
+
+        Returns:
+            sparse_mask: [num_heads, q_blocks, k_blocks] boolean mask
+                        or None (fallback to full attention)
+        """
+        # TODO: 实现真正的 xattn_estimate
+        # 当前返回 None 使用 full attention
+        return None
+
+    def compute_prefill(
+        self,
+        q: torch.Tensor,
+        k: torch.Tensor,
+        v: torch.Tensor,
+        layer_id: int,
+        softmax_scale: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Compute XAttention sparse prefill.
+
+        Flow:
+        1. Call estimate() to get sparse mask
+        2. If mask is None, use full attention
+        3. Otherwise, apply block sparse attention with mask
+        """
+        # Step 1: Estimate sparse mask
+        sparse_mask = self.estimate(q, k, layer_id)
+
+        # Step 2: Compute attention
+        if sparse_mask is None:
+            # Fallback to full attention
+            from flash_attn.flash_attn_interface import flash_attn_varlen_func
+
+            seq_len = q.shape[0]
+            cu_seqlens = torch.tensor([0, seq_len], dtype=torch.int32, device=q.device)
+
+            return flash_attn_varlen_func(
+                q, k, v,
+                cu_seqlens_q=cu_seqlens,
+                cu_seqlens_k=cu_seqlens,
+                max_seqlen_q=seq_len,
+                max_seqlen_k=seq_len,
+                softmax_scale=softmax_scale,
+                causal=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            # Apply block sparse attention with mask
+            # 使用 block_sparse_attn_func(q, k, v, sparse_mask, block_size)
+            raise NotImplementedError("Block sparse attention not yet implemented")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (f"XAttentionPolicy("
+                f"stride={self.stride}, "
+                f"threshold={self.threshold}, "
+                f"block_size={self.block_size})")
+```
+
+### Phase 5: 更新 model_runner.py
+
+```python
+# model_runner.py - allocate_kv_cache()
+
+# 改为总是创建 policy（包括 FULL）
+from nanovllm.kvcache.sparse import create_attention_policy
+self.attention_policy = create_attention_policy(config.attention_policy, **policy_kwargs)
+logger.info(f"Attention policy: {self.attention_policy}")
+
+# run_layerwise_offload_prefill() 和 run_gpu_only_prefill()
+
+# 旧代码:
+if self.sparse_prefill_policy is not None:
+    attn_output = self.sparse_prefill_policy.sparse_prefill_attention(q, k, v, layer_id)
+else:
+    attn_output = flash_attn_varlen_func(...)
+
+# 新代码:
+attn_output = self.attention_policy.compute_prefill(
+    q, k, v, layer_id, softmax_scale=layer.self_attn.attn.scale
+)
+```
+
+## Method Mapping
+
+| 旧方法 | 新方法 | 说明 |
+|--------|--------|------|
+| `select_blocks()` | `estimate()` | 计算 sparse mask（对应 xattn_estimate） |
+| `sparse_prefill_attention()` | `compute_prefill()` | Prefill attention |
+| (无) | `compute_decode()` | Decode attention（默认实现） |
+| `on_prefill_offload()` | (移除) | Offload 在 model_runner 处理 |
+
+## Files to Modify
+
+| File | Changes |
+|------|---------|
+| `nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/policy.py` | 新接口：estimate, compute_prefill, compute_decode |
+| `nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/full_policy.py` | 实现 compute_prefill(), estimate() 返回 None |
+| `nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/xattn.py` | estimate() 对应 xattn_estimate, compute_prefill() |
+| `nanovllm/kvcache/sparse/__init__.py` | 更新工厂函数 |
+| `nanovllm/engine/model_runner.py` | 统一调用 attention_policy.compute_prefill() |
+| `nanovllm/config.py` | 可选：重命名配置项 |
+
+## Decisions Made
+
+1. **方法命名**: `compute_prefill` / `compute_decode` 对应 chunked 版本的命名风格
+2. **estimate 方法**: 替代 `select_blocks`，返回 sparse mask 而不是 block IDs
+3. **XAttention**: `estimate()` 对应 COMPASS 的 `xattn_estimate()`
+4. **Full Policy**: `estimate()` 返回 None 表示使用完整 attention
+5. **Decode 默认实现**: 基类提供默认的 FlashAttention 实现
+
+## Errors Encountered
+- (无)
+
+## Status
+**Currently in Phase 1** - 完成分析和接口设计，等待用户确认后进入 Phase 2

tests/test_needle.py

@@ -32,11 +32,14 @@ def run_needle_test(
     enable_cpu_offload: bool = False,
     enable_quest: bool = False,
     enable_minference: bool = False,
+    enable_xattn: bool = False,
     sparse_topk: int = 8,
     sparse_threshold: int = 4,
     minference_budget: float = 0.3,
     minference_vertical: int = 1000,
     minference_slash: int = 6096,
+    xattn_threshold: float = 0.9,
+    xattn_use_bsa: bool = True,
     gpu_utilization: float = 0.9,
     enforce_eager: bool = True,
     verbose: bool = True,
@@ -56,11 +59,14 @@ def run_needle_test(
         enable_cpu_offload: Enable CPU offload mode
         enable_quest: Enable Quest sparse attention (decode-only Top-K)
         enable_minference: Enable MInference sparse prefill (GPU-only)
+        enable_xattn: Enable XAttention sparse prefill with BSA
         sparse_topk: Top-K blocks for Quest
         sparse_threshold: Apply sparse only when blocks > threshold
         minference_budget: MInference adaptive budget (fraction of seq_len, None=fixed mode)
         minference_vertical: Fixed vertical_size (only used when budget=None)
         minference_slash: Fixed slash_size (only used when budget=None)
+        xattn_threshold: XAttention block selection threshold (0-1)
+        xattn_use_bsa: Use Block Sparse Attention library
         gpu_utilization: GPU memory utilization fraction
         verbose: Print detailed output
 
@@ -68,7 +74,9 @@ def run_needle_test(
         True if test passed, False otherwise
     """
     # Determine sparse policy
-    if enable_minference:
+    if enable_xattn:
+        sparse_policy = SparsePolicyType.XATTN
+    elif enable_minference:
         sparse_policy = SparsePolicyType.MINFERENCE
     elif enable_quest:
         sparse_policy = SparsePolicyType.QUEST
@@ -94,6 +102,8 @@ def run_needle_test(
                 print(f"  MInference: adaptive (budget={minference_budget})")
             else:
                 print(f"  MInference: fixed (vertical={minference_vertical}, slash={minference_slash})")
+        if enable_xattn:
+            print(f"  XAttention: threshold={xattn_threshold}, use_bsa={xattn_use_bsa}")
         print(f"{'='*60}\n")
 
     # 1. Initialize LLM
@@ -111,7 +121,7 @@ def run_needle_test(
         llm_kwargs["sparse_threshold_blocks"] = sparse_threshold
 
     # Set sparse policy (can be used with or without offload)
-    if enable_minference or enable_quest:
+    if enable_minference or enable_quest or enable_xattn:
         llm_kwargs["sparse_policy"] = sparse_policy
 
     # MInference params (works with both GPU-only and offload mode)
@@ -120,6 +130,11 @@ def run_needle_test(
         llm_kwargs["minference_vertical_size"] = minference_vertical
         llm_kwargs["minference_slash_size"] = minference_slash
 
+    # XAttention params
+    if enable_xattn:
+        llm_kwargs["xattn_threshold"] = xattn_threshold
+        llm_kwargs["xattn_use_bsa"] = xattn_use_bsa
+
     llm = LLM(model_path, **llm_kwargs)
 
     # 2. Generate needle prompt
@@ -224,6 +239,11 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         action="store_true",
         help="Enable MInference sparse prefill (GPU-only, vertical+slash pattern)"
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--enable-xattn",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Enable XAttention sparse prefill with Block Sparse Attention"
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--sparse-topk",
         type=int,
@@ -254,6 +274,17 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         default=6096,
         help="Fixed slash_size (only used when budget=0)"
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--xattn-threshold",
+        type=float,
+        default=0.9,
+        help="XAttention block selection threshold (0-1, higher=more blocks)"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--xattn-no-bsa",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Disable Block Sparse Attention (use FlashAttention fallback)"
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--gpu-utilization",
         type=float,
@@ -291,11 +322,14 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         enable_cpu_offload=args.enable_offload,
         enable_quest=args.enable_quest,
         enable_minference=args.enable_minference,
+        enable_xattn=args.enable_xattn,
         sparse_topk=args.sparse_topk,
         sparse_threshold=args.sparse_threshold,
         minference_budget=minference_budget,
         minference_vertical=args.minference_vertical,
         minference_slash=args.minference_slash,
+        xattn_threshold=args.xattn_threshold,
+        xattn_use_bsa=not args.xattn_no_bsa,
         gpu_utilization=args.gpu_utilization,
         enforce_eager=enforce_eager,
         verbose=True,

tests/test_xattn_estimate_chunked.py

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+"""
+Test: Compare xattn_estimate vs xattn_estimate_chunked
+
+Verify that chunked estimation with EXTERNAL chunking produces the same mask
+as standard estimation. This ensures the chunked version can be used in
+chunked prefill scenarios without accuracy loss.
+
+Usage:
+    CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 PYTHONPATH=/home/zijie/Code/nano-vllm:$PYTHONPATH \
+        python tests/test_xattn_estimate_chunked.py
+"""
+
+import sys
+import traceback
+import torch
+from nanovllm.ops.xattn import xattn_estimate, xattn_estimate_chunked
+
+# ============================================================
+# Configuration
+# ============================================================
+
+# Configuration for xattn_estimate_chunked consistency test.
+# Key requirements for 100% match:
+# 1. Use matching chunk_size for both standard and chunked versions
+# 2. Use same random seed for reproducibility
+# Note: Tiny differences (~0.000001) may occur at boundary cases due to
+# floating point precision in cumulative sum calculations.
+BLOCK_SIZE = 64
+STRIDE = 4
+THRESHOLD = 0.9
+CHUNK_SIZE = 4096  # External chunking size
+
+# Test sequence lengths
+TEST_SEQ_LENS = [4096, 8192, 16384, 32768]
+
+# ============================================================
+# Utility Functions
+# ============================================================
+
+def compare_masks(mask1, mask2, name1="standard", name2="chunked"):
+    """Compare two masks and report differences."""
+    if mask1.shape != mask2.shape:
+        print(f"  Shape mismatch: {name1}={mask1.shape}, {name2}={mask2.shape}")
+        return False
+
+    diff = (mask1 != mask2).sum().item()
+    total = mask1.numel()
+    match_rate = (total - diff) / total * 100
+
+    print(f"  Match rate: {match_rate:.4f}% ({total - diff}/{total})")
+
+    if diff > 0:
+        diff_indices = torch.where(mask1 != mask2)
+        print(f"  First 5 diff positions: {list(zip(*[idx[:5].tolist() for idx in diff_indices]))}")
+
+    return diff == 0
+
+
+def run_chunked_externally(query, key, block_size, stride, threshold, chunk_size):
+    """
+    Run xattn_estimate_chunked with EXTERNAL chunking.
+    This simulates how chunked prefill should be used in practice.
+    """
+    batch_size, num_heads, q_len, head_dim = query.shape
+    _, _, k_len, _ = key.shape
+
+    q_block_num = (q_len + block_size - 1) // block_size
+    k_block_num = (k_len + block_size - 1) // block_size
+
+    # If Q fits in one chunk, call directly
+    if q_len <= chunk_size:
+        return xattn_estimate_chunked(
+            query, key,
+            q_start_pos=0,
+            block_size=block_size,
+            stride=stride,
+            threshold=threshold,
+            use_triton=True,
+            chunk_size=chunk_size,
+        )
+
+    # External chunking: split Q and call for each chunk
+    num_q_chunks = (q_len + chunk_size - 1) // chunk_size
+    print(f"    External chunking: {num_q_chunks} chunks")
+
+    combined_attn_sum = torch.zeros(
+        batch_size, num_heads, q_block_num, k_block_num,
+        dtype=query.dtype, device=query.device
+    )
+    combined_mask = torch.zeros(
+        batch_size, num_heads, q_block_num, k_block_num,
+        dtype=torch.bool, device=query.device
+    )
+
+    q_block_offset = 0
+    for q_chunk_idx in range(num_q_chunks):
+        q_chunk_start = q_chunk_idx * chunk_size
+        q_chunk_end = min((q_chunk_idx + 1) * chunk_size, q_len)
+
+        q_chunk = query[:, :, q_chunk_start:q_chunk_end, :]
+
+        # For causal attention, K accumulates up to current Q position
+        # q_start_pos=0 means Q starts at position 0 in the full sequence
+        # K is [0, q_chunk_end) for causal attention
+        k_end = q_chunk_end
+        k_chunk = key[:, :, :k_end, :]
+
+        attn_sum_chunk, mask_chunk = xattn_estimate_chunked(
+            q_chunk, k_chunk,
+            q_start_pos=q_chunk_start,
+            block_size=block_size,
+            stride=stride,
+            threshold=threshold,
+            use_triton=True,
+            chunk_size=chunk_size,
+        )
+
+        # Place chunk results into combined output
+        chunk_q_blocks = mask_chunk.shape[2]
+        chunk_k_blocks = mask_chunk.shape[3]
+        combined_attn_sum[:, :, q_block_offset:q_block_offset+chunk_q_blocks, :chunk_k_blocks] = attn_sum_chunk
+        combined_mask[:, :, q_block_offset:q_block_offset+chunk_q_blocks, :chunk_k_blocks] = mask_chunk
+        q_block_offset += chunk_q_blocks
+
+    return combined_attn_sum, combined_mask
+
+
+def test_single_seq_len(seq_len, num_heads=32, head_dim=128):
+    """Test a single sequence length."""
+    print(f"\nTesting seq_len={seq_len}")
+    print("=" * 60)
+
+    # Generate random Q/K
+    query = torch.randn(1, num_heads, seq_len, head_dim, device="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
+    key = torch.randn(1, num_heads, seq_len, head_dim, device="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
+
+    # Run standard xattn_estimate
+    print("[1] Running standard xattn_estimate...")
+    try:
+        attn_sum_std, mask_std = xattn_estimate(
+            query, key,
+            block_size=BLOCK_SIZE,
+            stride=STRIDE,
+            threshold=THRESHOLD,
+            chunk_size=CHUNK_SIZE,
+            use_triton=True,
+            causal=True,
+        )
+        density_std = mask_std.float().mean().item()
+        print(f"  mask shape: {mask_std.shape}, density: {density_std:.4f}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  ERROR: {e}")
+        traceback.print_exc()
+        return False
+
+    # Run chunked xattn_estimate with EXTERNAL chunking
+    print("[2] Running chunked xattn_estimate (external chunking)...")
+    try:
+        attn_sum_chunked, mask_chunked = run_chunked_externally(
+            query, key,
+            block_size=BLOCK_SIZE,
+            stride=STRIDE,
+            threshold=THRESHOLD,
+            chunk_size=CHUNK_SIZE,
+        )
+        density_chunked = mask_chunked.float().mean().item()
+        print(f"  mask shape: {mask_chunked.shape}, density: {density_chunked:.4f}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  ERROR: {e}")
+        traceback.print_exc()
+        return False
+
+    # Compare results
+    print("[3] Comparing results...")
+    chunked_q_blocks = mask_chunked.shape[2]
+    chunked_k_blocks = mask_chunked.shape[3]
+
+    # Extract comparable region from standard mask
+    mask_std_comparable = mask_std[:, :, :chunked_q_blocks, :chunked_k_blocks]
+
+    # Compare masks
+    masks_match = compare_masks(mask_std_comparable, mask_chunked, "standard", "chunked")
+
+    # Compare attn_sums
+    attn_sum_std_comparable = attn_sum_std[:, :, :chunked_q_blocks, :chunked_k_blocks]
+    if attn_sum_std_comparable.shape == attn_sum_chunked.shape:
+        attn_diff = (attn_sum_std_comparable - attn_sum_chunked).abs().max().item()
+        print(f"  Attn sum max diff: {attn_diff:.6f}")
+    else:
+        print(f"  Attn sum shape mismatch: std={attn_sum_std_comparable.shape}, chunked={attn_sum_chunked.shape}")
+
+    # Clean up GPU memory
+    del query, key, attn_sum_std, mask_std, attn_sum_chunked, mask_chunked
+    torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+
+    return masks_match
+
+
+# ============================================================
+# Main Test
+# ============================================================
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print("XAttention Chunked vs Standard Test")
+    print("=" * 60)
+    print(f"Config: block_size={BLOCK_SIZE}, stride={STRIDE}, threshold={THRESHOLD}")
+    print(f"External chunk_size={CHUNK_SIZE}")
+    print()
+
+    # Check CUDA availability
+    if not torch.cuda.is_available():
+        print("CUDA not available!")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    print(f"Using GPU: {torch.cuda.get_device_name(0)}")
+    print("✓ xattn_estimate imported")
+    print("✓ xattn_estimate_chunked imported")
+
+    # Run tests
+    all_passed = True
+    results = []
+
+    for seq_len in TEST_SEQ_LENS:
+        passed = test_single_seq_len(seq_len)
+        chunks = (seq_len + CHUNK_SIZE - 1) // CHUNK_SIZE
+        results.append((seq_len, chunks, passed))
+        if not passed:
+            all_passed = False
+
+    # Summary
+    print("\n" + "=" * 60)
+    print("SUMMARY")
+    print("=" * 60)
+    for seq_len, chunks, passed in results:
+        status = "PASSED" if passed else "FAILED"
+        print(f"  seq_len={seq_len:5d} ({chunks} chunk{'s' if chunks > 1 else ' '}): {status}")
+
+    print("=" * 60)
+    if all_passed:
+        print("ALL TESTS PASSED!")
+        sys.exit(0)
+    else:
+        print("SOME TESTS FAILED!")
+        sys.exit(1)